Table of Contents (Continued)

 7    Pictorial Projections, 393
        Objectives and Overview, 394
        7.1       Axonometric Projection, 394
                    7.1.1     Axonometric Projection Classifications, 394
       7.2        Isometric Axonometric Projections, 397
                    7.2.1     Isometric Axonometric Drawings, 398
                    7.2.2     Standards for Hidden Lines, Center Lines, and Dimensions, 399
        7.3       Isometric Pictorial Sketches, 400
                   HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHT Thomas
                    Ewing French (1871-1944), 401
        7.4        Isometric Ellipses, 403
        7.5        Isometric Grid Paper, 406
                   DESIGN IN INDUSTRY Design for the
                    Environment (DFE), 407
        7.6       Oblique Planes in Isometric Views, 408
        7.7       Angles in Isometric Views, 409
        7.8       Irregular Curves in Isometric Views, 409
        7.9       Isometric Ellipses Templates, 410
        7.10     Section Views in Isometric Views, 412
        7.11     Isometric Assembly Drawings, 413
                   DESIGN IN INDUSTRY Concept to
                    Victory in 7 Months, 413
        7.12     Oblique Projections, 414
                    7.12.1  Oblique Projection Theory, 414
                    7.12.2  Oblique Drawing Classifications, 417
                    7.12.3  Object Orientation Rules, 418
        7.13     Oblique Pictorial Sketching, 418
        7.14     Perspective Projections, 420
        7.15     Perspective Projection Terminology, 421
        7.16     Perspective Projection Classifications, 424
        7.17     Perspective Drawing Variables Selection, 425
        7.18     CAD Perspective Drawings, 425
                   3-D MODELING PROJECT, 428
        7.19     Summary, 428
                   Goals Review, 428
                   Questions for Review, 428
                   Further Reading, 429
                    Problems, 430
                   Classic Problems, 436

 8    Section Views, 439
        Introduction and Objectives, 439
        8.1       Sectioning Basics, 441
                    8.1.1     CAD Technique, 443
                    8.1.2     Visualization of Section Views, 444
        8.2       Cutting Plane Lines, 445
                    8.2.1     Placement of Cutting Plane Lines, 447
        8.3       Section Line Practices, 448
                    8.3.1     Material Symbols, 449
                    8.3.2     Sketching Techniques, 449
                    8.3.3     Outline Sections, 450
                    8.3.4     Thin Wall Sections, 451
        8.4       Section View Types, 451
                    8.4.1     Full Sections, 452
                    8.4.2     Half Sections, 452
                    8.4.3     Broken-Out Sections, 453
                    8.4.4     Revolved Sections, 454
                    8.4.5     Removed Sections, 454
                    8.4.6     Offset Sections, 456
                    8.4.7     Assembly Sections, 457
                    8.4.8     Auxiliary Sections, 457
                    HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHT Doug
                    Engelbart (1925- ), 460
        8.5       Special Sectioning Conventions, 460
                    8.5.1     Ribs, Webs, and Other Thin Features, 461
                    8.5.2     Aligned Sections, 462
                   DESIGN IN INDUSTRY Adjustable
                    Mountain Bike Suspension, 463
                    8.5.3     Conventional Breaks, 465
        8.6       3-D CAD Techniques, 465
        8.7       Summary, 466
                   3-D MODELING PROJECT, 467
                   Goals Review, 467
                   Questions for Review, 467
                   Problems, 468

 9    Dimensioning and Tolerancing Practices, 477
        Introduction and Objectives, 477
        9.1       Dimensioning, 478
        9.2       Size and Location Dimensions, 478
                    9.2.1     Terminology, 480
                    9.2.2     Basic Concepts, 482
                    9.2.3     Size Dimensions, 483
                    9.2.4     Location and Orientation Dimensions, 483
                    9.2.5     Coordinate Dimensions, 483
                    9.2.6     Standard Practices, 484
        9.3       Detail Dimensioning, 488
                    9.3.1     Diameter versus Radius, 491
                    9.3.2     Holes and Blind Holes, 492
                    9.3.3     Counterbored Holes, 492
                    9.3.4     Spotfaces, 492
                    9.3.5     Countersinks, 492
                   DESIGN IN INDUSTRY Project
                    Extranets Coordinate Engineering Projects
                    across the Globe, 493
                    9.3.6     Screw Threads, 494
                    9.3.7     Grooves, 494
                    9.3.8     Manufacturers' Gages, 494
        9.4       Dimensioning Techniques, 494
                    9.4.1     The Dimensioning Process, 495
                    9.4.2     Dimensioning Guidelines, 498
                    9.4.3     ASME Standard Dimensioning Rules, 499
        9.5       Tolerancing, 500
                    9.5.1     Interchangeability, 501
        9.6       Tolerance Representation, 501
                    9.6.1    General Tolerances, 502
                    9.6.2    Limit Dimensions, 502
                    9.6.3     Plus and Minus Dimensions, 502
                    9.6.4     Single Limit Dimensions, 503
                    9.6.5     Important Terms, 503
                    9.6.6     Fit Types, 504
                    9.6.7     Fit Type Determination, 505
                    9.6.8     Tolerance Costs, 506
                    9.6.9     Functional Dimensioning, 506
                    9.6.10   Tolerance Stack-Up, 506
                    9.6.11   Metric Limits and Fits, 507
                    9.6.12   Standard Precision Fits: English Units, 513
        9.7       Tolerances in CAD, 518
                    9.7.1     Geometric Accuracy, 518
                    9.7.2     Associative Dimensioning, 518
        9.8       Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, 518
        9.9       GDT Symbols, 520
        9.10     GDT Rule 1, 520
        9.11     Maximum Material Condition, 522
                   9.11.1   Material Condition Symbols, 522
                    9.11.2   Departure from MMC, 523
                    9.11.3   Perfect Form at MMC, 523
                    9.11.4   Separation of Control Types, 523
        9.12     Datums and Datum Features, 523
                    9.12.1   Datum Uses, 524
                    9.12.2   Datums and Assembly, 524
                    9.12.3   Datum Feature Control, 524
                    9.12.4   Datum Reference Frame, 525
                    9.12.5   Primary Datum, 525
                    9.12.6   Secondary and Tertiary Datums, 525
                   DESIGN IN INDUSTRY Companies
                    Collaborate to Produce Ships Faster, 526
                    9.12.7   Datum Feature Symbols, 526
        9.13    Geometric Controls, 526
                    9.13.1   Perfection, 526
                    9.13.2   Tolerance Zones, 526
                    9.13.3   Virtual Condition, 526
                    9.13.4   Form Controls, 527
                    9.13.5   Orientation Controls, 530
                    9.13.6   Location Controls, 532
        9.14     Tolerance Calculations, 537
                    9.14.1   Floating Fastener Tolerancing, 537
                    9.14.2   Fixed Fastener Tolerancing, 537
                    9.14.3   Hole Diameter Tolerancing, 537
        9.15     Design Applications, 537
                    9.15.1   Five-Step GDT Process, 537
                    9.15.2   Application Example, 538
        9.16     Summary, 539
                   Goals Review, 542
                   Questions for Review, 542
                   3-D MODELING PROJECT, 544
                   Problems, 545

 10  Working Drawings and Assemblies, 557
        Introduction and Objectives, 557
        10.1     Basic Concepts, 558
        10.2     Working Drawings, 559
                    10.2.1   Detail Drawings, 561
                    10.2.2   Assembly Drawings, 561
                    10.2.3   Part Numbers, 567
                    10.2.4   Drawing Numbers, 567
                    10.2.5   Title Blocks, 568
                    10.2.6   Parts Lists, 568
                    10.2.7   Part Identification, 569
                    10.2.8   Revision Block, 570
                    10.2.9   Engineering Change Orders (ECO), 570
                    10.2.10 Scale Specifications, 570
                    10.2.11 Tolerance Specifications, 571
                    10.2.12 Zones, 572
                    10.2.13 Tabular Drawings, 572
                    10.2.14 Working Assembly Drawing, 572
       10.3      Threaded Fasteners, 573
                    10.3.1   Thread Notes, 573
                    10.3.2   Thread Specifications: Metric System , 575
                    10.3.3   Thread Drawings, 576
       10.4      Standard Bolts, Studs, and Screws, 580
                    10.4.1   CAD Techniques, 581
                    DESIGN IN INDUSTRY Design
                    for Assembly: Building a Simpler
                    Computer, 581
       10.5      Nonthreaded Fasteners, 582
                    10.5.1   Pins, 582
                    10.5.2   Keys, 582
                    10.5.3   Rivets, 582
       10.6       Springs, 583
       10.7       Mechanisms, 583
                    10.7.1   Gears, 584
                    10.7.2   Cams, 584
                    10.7.3   Linkages, 585
                    10.7.4   Bearings, 586
       10.8       Piping, 588
                    10.8.1   Pipe Drawings, 589
       10.9       Welding, 591
                    10.9.1   Weld Symbols, 591
       10.10     Reprographics, 594
                    10.10.1  Reproduction Techniques, 595
                    10.10.2  Digital Technologies, 596
       10.11     Summary, 597
                    Goals Review, 597
                    3-D MODELING PROJECT
                     Chapter 10: Stapler Modeling Project, 598
                    Questions for Review, 598
                    Further Reading, 598
                    Problems, 599
                    Classic Problems, 638

 APPENDIXES, A-1
     1. Metric Equivalents, A-3
     2. Trigonometry Functions, A-4
     3. ANSI Running and Sliding Fits (RC), A-5
     4. ANSI Clearance Locational Fits (LC), A-6
     5. ANSI Transition Locational Fits (LT), A-7
     6. ANSI Interference Locational Fits (LN), A-8
     7. ANSI Force and Shrink Fits (FN), A-9
     8. Description of Preferred Metric Fits, A-10
     9. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Metric Clearance Fits, A-11
   10. ANSI Preferred Hole Basis Transition and Interference Fits, A-12
   11. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Clearance Fits, A-13
   12. ANSI Preferred Shaft Basis Metric Transition and Interference Fits, A-14
   13. Unified Standard Screw Thread Series, A-15
   14. Thread Sizes and Dimensions, A-16
   15. Tap Drill Sizes for American National Thread Forms, A-17
   16. Hex Cap Screws (Finished Hex Bolts), A-17
   17. Socket Head Cap Screws (1960 Series), A-18
   18. Square Head Bolts, A-19
   19. Hex Nuts and Hex Jam Nuts, A-20
   20. Square Nuts, A-21
   21. ANSI Metric Hex Jam Nuts and Heavy Hex Nuts, A-22
   22. ANSI Metric Hex Nuts, Styles 1 and 2, A-22
   23. ANSI Metric Slotted Hex Nuts and Hex Flange Nuts, A-23
   24. ANSI Square and Hexagon Machine Screw Nuts and Flat Head Machine Screws, A-24
   25. ANSI Slotted Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws, A-25
   26. ANSI Slotted Round and Fillister Head Cap Screws, A-25
   27. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Socket Head Cap Screws, A-26
   28. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Head Cap Screws, A-26
   29. ANSI Hexagon Socket Head Shoulder Screws, A-27
   30. Drill and Counterbore Sizes for Metric Socket Head Cap Screws, A-27
   31. ANSI Socket Head Cap Screws-Metric Series, A-28
   32. ANSI Metric Hex Bolts, A-28
   33. ANSI Metric Hex Cap Screws, A-29
   34. ANSI Hex and Hex Flange Head Metric Machine Screws, A-30
   35. ANSI Slotted Flat Head Metric Machine Screws, A-31
   36. ANSI Slotted Headless Set Screws, A-32
   37. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screws, A-32
   38. ANSI Hexagon and Spline Socket Set Screw Optional Cup Points, A-33
   39. ANSI Square Head Set Screws, A-34
   40. ANSI Taper Pipe Threads (NPT), A-35
   41. ANSI Metric Plain Washers, A-36
   42. ANSI Type A Plain Washers-Preferred Sizes, A-37
   43. ANSI Type A Plain Washers-Additional Selected Sizes, A-37
   44. ANSI Type B Plain Washers, A-38
   45. ANSI Helical Spring Lock Washers, A-39
   46. ANSI Internal and External Tooth Lock Washers, A-40
   47. ANSI Keyseat Dimensions for Woodruff Keys, A-41
   48. ANSI Standard Woodruff Keys, A-42
   49. Key Size versus Shaft Diameter-Key Size and Keyway Depth, A-43
   50. ANSI Standard Plain and Gib Head Keys, A-43
   51. ANSI Chamfered, Square End, and Taper Pins, A-44
   52. British Standard Parallel Steel Dowel Pins-Metric Series, A-45
   53. ANSI Cotter and Clevis Pins, A-46
   54. Welding Symbols, A-47

GLOSSARY, G-1

INDEX, I-1