| addiction | The state of physical or psychological dependence on a substance that develops when that substance is used over a period of time.
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| alcoholism | State of physical addiction to alcohol that manifests through such symptoms as stereotyped drinking, drinking to maintain blood alcohol at a particular level, experiencing increasing frequency and severity of withdrawal, drinking early in the day and in the middle of the night, a sense of loss of control over drinking, or a subjective craving for alcohol.
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| behavioral inoculation | See behavioral immunization.
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| controlled drinking skills | Training in discriminating blood alcohol level so as to control extent of drinking; may also include coping skills for dealing with situations that are high risk for high alcohol consumption; see also placebo drinking.
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| craving | A strong desire to engage in a behavior or consume a substance, such as alcohol or tobacco, which appears, in part, to occur through the conditioning of physical dependence on environmental cues associated with the behavior.
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| detoxification | The process of withdrawing from alcohol, usually conducted in a supervised, medically monitored setting.
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| life-skills-training approach | A smoking-prevention program characterized by the belief that training in self-esteem and coping skills will boost self-image to the point that smoking becomes unnecessary or inconsistent with lifestyle.
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| passive smoking | Smoke inhaled by nonsmokers as a result of exposure to smokers; believed to cause health problems such as bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer.
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| physical dependence | A state in which the body has adjusted to the use of a substance, incorporating it into the body’s normal functioning.
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| placebo drinking | The consumption of nonalcoholic beverages in social situations in which others are drinking alcohol.
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| problem drinking | Uncontrolled drinking that leads to social, psychological, and biomedical problems resulting from alcohol; the problem drinker may show some signs associated with alcoholism, but typically, problem drinking is considered to be a prealcoholic or a lesser alcoholic syndrome.
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| secondhand smoke | See passive smoking.
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| self-help aids | Materials that can be used by an individual on his or her own without aid of a therapist to assist in the modification of a personal habit; often used to combat smoking and other health-related risk factors.
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| smoking prevention programs | Programs designed to keep people from beginning to smoke, as opposed to programs that attempt to induce people to stop once they have already become smokers.
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| social influence intervention | A smoking-prevention intervention that draws on the social learning principles of modeling and behavioral inoculation in inducing people not to smoke; youngsters are exposed to older peer models who deliver antismoking messages after exposure to simulated peer pressure to smoke.
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| tolerance | The process by which the body increasingly adapts to a substance, requiring larger and larger doses of it to obtain the same effects; a frequent characteristic of substance abuse, including alcohol and drug abuse.
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| withdrawal | Unpleasant physical and psychological symptoms that people experience when they stop using a substance on which they have become physically dependent; symptoms may include anxiety, craving, hallucinations, nausea, headaches, and shaking.
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2003 McGraw-Hill Higher Education