Learning Objectives

Following the completion of this chapter, students will be able to:

1. Compare and contrast the information processing approach and the biological research approach, and explain how these serve as origins of human memory systems research.
2. Define encoding, storage, and retrieval, and describe the fundamental components of the three-step filing system of memory explained by the information processing approach.
3. Explain the nature and function of sensory memory and how it changes with age.
4. Identify and describe seven mechanisms that the working memory uses to store information, and explain how memory capacity changes with age for each.
5. Define four components of long-term memory and describe distinguishing characteristics of each.
6. Compare and contrast episodic and semantic memory, and explain how they change with age.
7. Identify and explain the characteristics of nondeclarative memory, and describe typical memory pattern changes that occur with increasing age.
8. List and describe the structures of the brain that control conscious and unconscious memory, and explain how these structures change with age.
9. Identify associated disciplines in neuroscience and explain how this interdisciplinary approach has influenced our understanding of memory during the aging process.
10. Explain the influence of intrusion errors in long-term memory retrieval.
11. Define prospective memory and explain how it changes with age.
12. Define production deficiency and explain how age, culture experience, and personal expectations influence it.
13. Define metamemory and describe how beliefs about memory and learned memory strategies influence memory processes in older adults.
14. Identify memory strategies categorized as mnemonics and describe approaches that influence adults and aging persons to make use of these mechanisms.
15. Explain the role of forgetting in the memory process and describe age-related changes in forgetting.