How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, 5/e

Jack R. Fraenkel, San Francisco State University
Norman E. Wallen, San Francisco State University

Descriptive Statistics

Chapter Outline

Statistics versus Parameters

Two Fundamental Types of Numerical Data

Quantitative Data
Categorical Data

Techniques for Summarizing Quantitative Data

Frequency Polygons
Skewed Polygons
The Normal Curve
Averages
Spreads
Standard Scores and the Normal Curve
Correlation

Techniques for Summarizing Categorical Data

The Frequency Table
Bar Graphs and Pie Charts
The Crossbreak Table

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