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How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education Book Cover
How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, 5/e
Jack R. Fraenkel, San Francisco State University
Norman E. Wallen, San Francisco State University
Writing Research Proposals and Reports


Data analysis   The process of simplifying data in order to make it comprehensible.
External validity   The degree to which results are generalizable, or applicable, to groups and environments outside the research setting.
Findings   see results (of a study).
Instrumentation   Instruments and procedures used in collecting data in a study.
Internal validity   The degree to which observed differences on the dependent variable are directly related to the independent variable, not to some other (uncontrollable) variable.
Justification   A rationale statement in which a researcher indicates why the study is important to conduct; includes implications for theory and/or practice.
Literature review   The systematic identification, location, and analysis of documents containing information related to a research problem.
Pilot study   A small-scale study administered before conducting an actual study _ its purpose is to reveal defects in the research plan.
Procedures   A detailed description by the researcher of what was (or will be) done in carrying out a study.
Purpose of study   A specific statement by a researcher of what he or she intends to accomplish.
Research design   The overall plan for collecting data in order to answer the research question. Also the specific data analysis techniques or methods that the researcher intends to use.
Research hypothesis   A prediction of study outcomes. Often a statement of the expected relationship between two or more variables.
Research proposal   A detailed description of a proposed study designed to investigate a given problem.
Research question   A question that we can answer by collecting and analyzing data.
Research report   A description of how a study was conducted, including results and conclusions.
Results   A statement that explains what is shown by analysis of the data collected; includes tables and graphs when appropriate.
Sample   The group on which information is obtained.








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