Pedagogy Promotes Active Learning

Each chapter in Human Physiology offers students numerous pedagogical features within the text and illustrations; all are consistently organized within each chapter. This consistency and variety of tools are designed to help students of all learning backgrounds conceptually understand physiology.

Chapter Objectives
Students review the objectives before reading the chapter to become familiar with the material to be covered, and check off the objectives as each major section is completed.

Chapter at a Glance
Students use the chapter outline to get an overview of the chapter, or to find specific topics.

Refresh Your Memory
Students are encouraged to review material from previous chapters in preparation for their study of new concepts.

Take Advantage of the Technology
Students are invited to explore additional study resources at the Online Learning Center www.mhhe.com/fox9

Section Previews
Each major section begins with a concise statement of the section’s central concepts, or organizing themes, that will be illustrated in detail in the text that follows. These brief introductions give students a framework to work from as they learn new material.

Test Yourself Before You Continue
Each major chapter section ends with a set of learning activities and essay questions that relate only to the material presented in the section. Students are encouraged to answer the essay questions, draw the outlines and flowcharts requested, and otherwise actively participate in their learning of this material. Thus, these sections serve as both a “reality check” for the student and as a mechanism for active learning.

Art Simplifies Concepts and Promotes Understanding

New Stepped-Out Figures
Building on the extensive upgrades made to virtually every figure in the eighth edition, steps have been made to complex figures in the nervous system chapters and the muscle chapter. Figures labeled in steps aid student learning by focusing attention on one step at a time and helping students study the illustration in correct sequence.

Consistent Use of Colors
Across all figures the appearance of particular structures is presented consistently. This continuity makes it easier for students to interpret each figure, thereby improving the clarity of the total presentation. This key shows a sampling of some of the structures that have been standardized.

Review Materials Summarize and Challenge

True learning is not complete until knowledge can be analyzed and applied, rather than merely comprehended. The end-of-chapter materials presented in Human Physiology help students fine-tune their studies by encouraging them to establish connections between body systems, summarize the main concepts of the chapter, and then answer questions of varying degrees of difficulty.

Interactions
Interactions: HPer Links are resource pages that list the many ways a major concept applies to the study of different body systems, and the ways that a given system interacts with other body systems. Each application or interaction includes a page reference to related material in the textbook. Students use the cross-references offered on the Interactions pages to find interrelated topics in the textbook.

Chapter Summaries
At the end of each chapter, the material is summarized in outline form. This outline summary is organized by major section headings with page references, followed by the key points in the section. Students may read the summary after studying the chapter to be sure that they haven’t missed any points, and can use the chapter summaries to help review for examinations.

Review Activities
A battery of questions collectively titled Review Activities follows each chapter summary. These selfexaminations are organized into three increasingly difficult learning levels to help students progress from simple memorization to higher levels of understanding.

• Test Your Knowledge of Terms and Facts is a series of multiple-choice questions that prompt students to recall key terms and facts presented in the chapter. Answers to these questions are found in Appendix B.
• Test Your Understanding of Concepts and Principles consists of brief essay questions that require students to demonstrate their understanding of chapter material.
• Test Your Ability to Analyze and Apply Your Knowledge questions stimulate critical thinking by challenging students to utilize chapter concepts to solve a problem.

Clinical Content Adds Interest

True conceptual understanding often occurs in the context of real-life situations. Therefore, clinical information is presented throughout the text to provide concrete examples that demonstrate the real-life application of complex physiological concepts and further students’ comprehension.

Clinical Investigation
Clinical Investigations are diagnostic puzzles provided at the very beginning of each chapter. These thoughtprovoking cases are designed to engage students’ interest and motivate them to delve into the content of each chapter. Students must read the chapter, understand the concepts, and look for clues in order to arrive at the correct diagnosis.

Clinical Investigation Clues
Scattered within each chapter, these short boxes remind students of the ongoing clinical investigation puzzle and provide clues to the solution. Clues are carefully placed so they always relate to the information presented in the preceding text. These clues help reinforce comprehension of the text material and spur students to continue reading so they can gather all of the pertinent information needed to solve the puzzle. After attempting to diagnose the case, students can find the solution to each Clinical Investigation in Appendix A.

Boxed Clinical and Fitness Applications
Applications—in clinical medicine general health, and physical fitness—of basic physiological principles are found intermittently throughout the body of the text. Placement of these applications is precise—they always relate to concepts that have been presented immediately preceding the application. As such, they provide immediate reinforcement for students learning the fundamental principles on which the applications are based. This is preferable to longer but fewer magazinearticle- type applications that are separated from the text information. The immediate reinforcement allows students to see the practical importance of learning the material they have just studied.