Changes to the Ninth Edition

Before I began writing this new edition, my editors at McGraw- Hill repeated a successful technique: they requested users of the previous edition to send in their suggestions and comments, focusing on their chapter of particular interest. Thus, every chapter was reviewed several times by people who had experience using the book in their own classrooms. The ninth edition benefited enormously by this input. It also benefited greatly through the reviews provided by faculty who previously used other texts.

Updates and Additions

The ninth edition incorporates a number of new and recently modified physiological concepts. This may surprise people who are unfamiliar with the subject; indeed, I’m sometimes asked if the field really changes much from one edition to the next. It does; that’s one of the reasons physiology is so much fun to study. I’ve tried to impart this sense of excitement and fun in the book by indicating, in a manner appropriate for this level of text, where knowledge is new and where gaps in our knowledge remain. Following is a partial list of the topical additions and updates made to the ninth edition. New figures added to support the coordinating text discussion are also indicated.

• Information on basement membranes updated
• New clinical applications box on basement membranes

• New clinical applications box on microarray technology

• Phagocytosis description updated and expanded
• Structure and function of the cytoskeleton updated and expanded
• New section entitled “Genome and Proteome” added
• Apoptosis section updated and expanded

• New explanation of junctional complexes added (new figure 6.20)
• New discussion of polarization of organelles within epithelial cells
• Explanation of equilibrium potentials expanded

• Discussion of neuron regeneration in CNS updated
• Explanation of ion channels expanded
• After-hyperpolarization in action potential now explained
• Discussion of action potential conduction expanded
• New section on cable properties of axons (new figure 7.17)
• Serotonin synthesis description added (new figure 7.30)
• Boxed steps added to figures 7.22, 7.24, 7.28, 7.29

• Discussion of Alzheimer’s disease updated
• New section on sleep, with new figure on EEG patterns in sleep and wakefulness (new figure 8.11)
• Explanation of the basal nuclei (ganglia) expanded
• New discussion of the motor circuit (new figure 8.12)
• New description on reverberating circuits in memory
• Discussion of long-term potentiation (LTP) updated, with new photo of dendritic spines (new figure 8.18)
• New section on emotion and memory, with a new figure on regions of the frontal cortex involved in emotion (new figure 8.19)
• New section on the regulation of circadian rhythms
• Information on the midbrain updated
• Information on the cerebellum updated
• Explanation of fMRI expanded
• Boxed steps added to figure 8.17

• Coverage of visceral sensory input to the CNS expanded
• Discussion of organs that receive only sympathetic innervation expanded

• Discussion of phasic receptors expanded
• New cold and menthol receptor discussion
• Projections from nociceptors to brain now discussed
• Referred pain now discussed
• Taste receptors updated
• Discussion of molecular basis of olfaction expanded
• Explanation of color vision updated, with new photo of discs within photoreceptors (new figure 10.37)
• Neural control of eye movements description expanded
• New discussion of melanopsin in regulation of circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex

• Discussion of membrane permeability to hormones expanded
• New description of the non-genomic and genomic actions of steroid hormones
• New description of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMS), and new clinical applications box on SERMS such as tamoxifen
• Discussion of Addison’s disease expanded
• Discussion of General Adaptation Syndrome updated
• New clinical applications box on glucocorticoid suppression of immune system
• Discussion of pineal gland updated
• Discussion of cyclooxygenase inhibitor updated

• Discussion of muscular dystrophy updated
• Description of troponins expanded
• New historical description of Ringer’s discovery that Ca²⁺ is needed for contraction
• Explanation of excitation-contraction coupling updated
• Types of Muscle Contractions section expanded and revised
• Explanation of the length-tension relationship updated and expanded
• New discussion of creatine supplementation
• New section on Muscle Damage and Repair, containing discussion of muscle stem cells
• New exercise applications box on effects of spaceflight, bed rest, and casts on muscles
• Boxed steps added to figures 12.27, 12.28, 12.29, 12.30, and 12.34

• New discussion of transferrin
• Discussion of blood clotting and platelet function expanded and updated, with a new figure on platelet aggregation (new figure 13.7)
• New clinical applications box on COX inhibitors and blood clotting
• Acid-Base Balance section moved from chapter 13 to chapter 16
• Explanation of pacemaker potentials in heart updated and expanded, with addition of HCN channels
• Discussion of excitation-contraction coupling in the heart updated and expanded
• New clinical applications box on digitalis
• New section on Inflammation and Atherosclerosis
• Updated clinical applications box on diet and heart disease
• New photo of arteriole, capillary, and venule (new figure 13.28)

• New discussion of HCN channels in the SA node
• Coverage of the role of nitric oxide in blood vessel regulation updated and expanded
• Discussion of the regulation of cerebral blood flow updated and expanded
• Discussion of the baroreceptor reflex updated and expanded
• Table on blood pressure classifications (table 14.8) updated
• Clinical applications box on preeclampsia updated

• Discussion of diapedesis updated
• New discussion of the damaging effects of inflammation
• New discussion of how macrophages are signaled to eat apoptotic cells

• Description of alveolar structure and characteristics updated and expanded
• Explanation of intrapleural pressure expanded
• Explanation of surfactant expanded and updated
• New description of functional residual capacity
• Coverage of asthma and emphysema expanded and updated
• Neural control of breathing section updated and expanded
• New explanation of percent saturation and how percent oxyhemoglobin saturation is measured
• Acid-Base Balance of the Blood section moved from chapter 13 to chapter 16

• New discussion of peristaltic contractions of ureter and pelvis
• Discussion of tubuloglomerular feedback updated and expanded, with a new photo of the macula densa (new figure 17.12)
• New step-by-step description of the countercurrent multiplier system
• Discussion of countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta updated and expanded
• Discussion of transport maximum updated and expanded
• New information on angiotensin action in the kidneys

• Discussion of parietal cell regulation updated
• New discussion of the secretion of bicarbonate into pancreatic juice, with a new figure (new figure 18.30)
• Discussion of stimulation of gastric juice secretion by the vagus updated and expanded
• Discussion of glucose absorption in the intestine updated
• New clinical applications box on stanols and cholesterol

• Old “Eating” section removed
• New section on Endocrine Function of Adipocyte
• New clinical applications box on type 2 diabetes mellitus and drugs that activate PPARγ receptors
• Old “Regulation of Hunger” section removed
• Information on obesity and type 2 diabetes updated
• New Regulation of Hunger and Metabolic Rate section added, with updated and expanded information
• New Hormonal Regulation of Bone section added, with updated and expanded information
• New information on the role of TSH in bone
• Discussion of osteoporosis updated

• New information on the structure of the Y chromosome, with a new photo (new figure 20.2)
• Information on the regulation of puberty updated
• Discussion of synthesis and action of estrogen in the testes updated
• Structure and function of Sertoli cells updated
• Discussion of stem cells and cloning updated
• New discussion of relaxin