 |
| 1 | |
Any water that is not contained within the cells is said to be part of the body's _____ compartment. |
| | A) | intracellular |
| | B) | extracellular |
| | C) | intravascular |
| | D) | cytoplasmic |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
The _____ is a subatomic particle of an atom that has no electric charge. |
| | A) | proton |
| | B) | electron |
| | C) | neutron |
| | D) | All of these have a charge. |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
The atomic mass of an atom is determined by the number of _____ it has. |
| | A) | electrons |
| | B) | protons and electrons |
| | C) | neutrons and electrons |
| | D) | protons and neutrons |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
An electron can occupy any space within a certain ____ of an atom. |
| | A) | spheroid |
| | B) | orbital |
| | C) | perihelion |
| | D) | radian |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Only an atom's ____ electrons can participate in forming a chemical bond with another atom. |
| | A) | positive |
| | B) | neutral |
| | C) | innermost |
| | D) | valence |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
A nitrogen atom can covalently bond to a maximum of ____ other atom(s). |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
When an oxygen atom is covalently bonded to as many other atoms as possible, its outermost orbital will contain a total number of ____ electrons. |
| | A) | two |
| | B) | four |
| | C) | six |
| | D) | eight |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
Two isotopes differ from each other in their ____. |
| | A) | atomic number |
| | B) | number of protons |
| | C) | number of neutrons |
| | D) | number of electrons |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
An element with an atomic number of 10 would be able to form how many bonds? |
| | A) | 0 |
| | B) | 1 |
| | C) | 2 |
| | D) | 3 |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
Two atoms form chemical bonds with each other by means of ____. |
| | A) | their nuclei |
| | B) | the electrons of their innermost shell |
| | C) | the electrons of their outermost shell |
| | D) | electromagnetic force |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Nonpolar molecules are those in which ____. |
| | A) | electrons are shared equally between nuclei |
| | B) | there are no protons |
| | C) | the number of neutrons equals the number of electrons |
| | D) | the number of neutrons equals the number of protons |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
If the shared electrons of a molecule are drawn to one atom more than to the other, they are said to form a ____ bond. |
| | A) | polar covalent |
| | B) | nonpolar covalent |
| | C) | ionic |
| | D) | hydrogen |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Water is an especially good solvent for biological molecules because it is |
| | A) | a liquid. |
| | B) | polar. |
| | C) | covalently bound. |
| | D) | hydrated. |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
When one atom loses electrons to another and the two resulting particles are attracted to each other because they are oppositely charged but without sharing electrons, a/an ____ bond is created. |
| | A) | polar |
| | B) | hydrogen |
| | C) | covalent |
| | D) | ionic |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
Hydrocarbons are |
| | A) | hydrophilic compounds. |
| | B) | hydrophobic compounds. |
| | C) | ionic compounds. |
| | D) | polar compounds. |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
If an atom or molecule loses one electron, it becomes ____. |
| | A) | a neutron |
| | B) | a cation |
| | C) | an anion |
| | D) | an ionic compound |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
Which of the following bonds is weakest? |
| | A) | an ionic bond |
| | B) | a polar covalent bond |
| | C) | a nonpolar covalent bond |
| | D) | James Bond |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
A molecule that tends to form hydration spheres around itself is said to be ____. |
| | A) | hydrated |
| | B) | hydrolyzed |
| | C) | hydrophilic |
| | D) | hydrophobic |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Weak attractions between a negative region of one molecule and a positive region of another are called ____. |
| | A) | ionic bonds |
| | B) | hydrogen bonds |
| | C) | polar covalent bonds |
| | D) | hydrophilic bonds |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
When water molecules break apart, they yield ____. |
| | A) | hydration spheres |
| | B) | acidic solutions |
| | C) | basic solutions |
| | D) | hydrogen and hydroxyl ions |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
If the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 10-8 molar, the solution has a pH of ____. |
| | A) | 10-8 |
| | B) | -8 |
| | C) | 8 |
| | D) | 10.8 |
|
|
|
| 22 | |
A base is defined as any molecule that can |
| | A) | stabilize the pH of a solution. |
| | B) | neutralize an acidic solution by releasing protons into the solution. |
| | C) | remove protons from a solution. |
| | D) | burn the skin. |
|
|
|
| 23 | |
If solution A has 100 times the hydrogen ions as solution B and solution B has a pH of 7.0, then solution A will have a pH equal to |
| | A) | 4.0. |
| | B) | 5.0. |
| | C) | 300. |
| | D) | 0.03. |
|
|
|
| 24 | |
Any compund that resists changes in H+ concentration and tends to maintain a stable pH is called a ____ solution. |
| | A) | stabilizing |
| | B) | buffer |
| | C) | carbonic acid |
| | D) | pH |
|
|
|
| 25 | |
Many organic molecules consist of a chain or ring to which a variety of ____ are attached. |
| | A) | backbones |
| | B) | hydrocarbons |
| | C) | ketones |
| | D) | functional groups |
|
|
|
| 26 | |
Which of the following does not belong among the rest? |
| | A) | lipids |
| | B) | organic acids |
| | C) | ketones |
| | D) | alcohols |
|
|
|
| 27 | |
Which of the following does not belong to the rest? |
| | A) | amino |
| | B) | benzene |
| | C) | hydroxyl |
| | D) | carboxyl |
|
|
|
| 28 | |
Any organic molecule with a carboxyl group on it is classified as ____. |
| | A) | an organic acid |
| | B) | an amino acid |
| | C) | an alcohol |
| | D) | a ketone |
|
|
|
| 29 | |
A side group symbolized -OH is very common among organic compounds and is called |
| | A) | an organic acid. |
| | B) | an amino acid. |
| | C) | an alcohol. |
| | D) | a ketone. |
|
|
|
| 30 | |
One molecule which is like a mirror image of another, having a key functional group oriented in a different direction, is called ____ of the other. |
| | A) | an isotope |
| | B) | a structural isomer |
| | C) | a stereoisomer |
| | D) | a stereoscope |
|
|
|
| 31 | |
A carbohydrate consists of carbon and a ____ ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. |
| | A) | one-to-two (1:2) |
| | B) | one-to-one (1:1) |
| | C) | two-to-one (2:1) |
| | D) | three-to-two (3:2) |
|
|
|
| 32 | |
Which of the following does not belong among the others? |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | sucrose |
| | C) | fructose |
| | D) | galactose |
|
|
|
| 33 | |
Which of the following is a polysaccharide? |
| | A) | starch |
| | B) | sucrose |
| | C) | glucose |
| | D) | galactose |
|
|
|
| 34 | |
The synthesis (production) of a protein from amino acids uses the process of ____. |
| | A) | conjugation |
| | B) | isomerization |
| | C) | hydrolysis |
| | D) | dehydration synthesis |
|
|
|
| 35 | |
The generalized chemical reactions used in the process of food digestion are ____. |
| | A) | dehydration reactions |
| | B) | hydrolysis reactions |
| | C) | condensation reactions |
| | D) | very diverse and not categorized |
|
|
|
| 36 | |
When digestive enzymes hydrolyze starch, it is not immediately broken down into glucose but is first broken down to a disaccharide called ____. |
| | A) | fructose |
| | B) | glycogen |
| | C) | maltose |
| | D) | galactose |
|
|
|
| 37 | |
Which of the following characteristics do all lipid molecules have in common? |
| | A) | They are composed of three six-sided rings and one five-sided ring. |
| | B) | They consist of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule. |
| | C) | They are all hydrophobic. |
| | D) | They are made entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. |
|
|
|
| 38 | |
Which of the following does not belong with the rest? |
| | A) | acetone |
| | B) | b-hydroxybutyric acid |
| | C) | glycerol |
| | D) | acetoacetic acid |
|
|
|
| 39 | |
Which of the following substances may serve as surfactants (surface-active agents)? |
| | A) | prostaglandins |
| | B) | triglycerides |
| | C) | glycolipids |
| | D) | phospholipids |
|
|
|
| 40 | |
____ is a phospholipid in which one carbon atom of the glycerol backbone is attached to a phosphate group, and the phosphate group is attached on the other side to a choline molecule. |
| | A) | Acetylcholine |
| | B) | Cholinesterase |
| | C) | Lecithin |
| | D) | Prostaglandin |
|
|
|
| 41 | |
A steroid may be best described as a |
| | A) | highly branched polysaccharide molecule. |
| | B) | lipid that consists of four carbon rings and various functional groups. |
| | C) | diglyceride attached to a phosphate group and choline. |
| | D) | polypeptide covalently bonded to a carbohydrate. |
|
|
|
| 42 | |
Although we hear much about the evils of cholesterol, it is actually very important to the human body. Among other things it serves as |
| | A) | the precursor molecule from which the male and female sex hormones are made. |
| | B) | the precursor for the formation of micelles. |
| | C) | a surfactant which aids in digestion of lipid molecules. |
| | D) | a blood vessel lubricant which aids in blood flow. |
|
|
|
| 43 | |
Prostaglandins are known to serve in all of the following roles except |
| | A) | smooth muscle contractions of the uterus during labor. |
| | B) | catalytic control of metabolic reactions in the cytoplasm. |
| | C) | inflammatory response of the immune system. |
| | D) | control of blood vessel diameter. |
|
|
|
| 44 | |
The secondary structure of a protein is formed by |
| | A) | peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids. |
| | B) | hydrogen bonds between components of nearby amino groups. |
| | C) | disulfide bonds within the protein. |
| | D) | hydrogen bonds between widely spaced amino acids. |
|
|
|
| 45 | |
We have a much greater variety of proteins than polysaccharides in the body, mainly because |
| | A) | protein structure is genetically coded, while polysaccharide molecules are not. |
| | B) | there are 20 different amino acid building blocks from which protein molecules are made. |
| | C) | proteins are generally much larger molecules. |
| | D) | there is a great variety of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids of a protein. |
|
|
|
| 46 | |
One of the most important functional groups in the structural subunits of an amino acid that is required in the formation of all proteins, is the -NH2 functional group, also called |
| | A) | an amino acid. |
| | B) | an amino group. |
| | C) | a nitrosamine group. |
| | D) | a peptide group. |
|
|
|
| 47 | |
In the structure of a protein or its subunits, the symbol N stands for nitrogen and the symbol R stands for |
| | A) | radium. |
| | B) | radon. |
| | C) | rubidium. |
| | D) | residue or rest of the molecule, any functional group of an amino acid. |
|
|
|
| 48 | |
After amino acids are assembled into a polypeptide chain, the chain often coils into a spring-like structure called the alpha helix. This coiling is due to ____. |
| | A) | polar covalent bonding |
| | B) | ionic bonds |
| | C) | hydrogen bonds |
| | D) | peptide bonds |
|
|
|
| 49 | |
A glycoprotein is a protein covalently attached to |
| | A) | a lipid. |
| | B) | a second protein. |
| | C) | a vitamin. |
| | D) | a carbohydrate. |
|
|
|
| 50 | |
Disulfide bonds are often formed to stabilize |
| | A) | amino acids. |
| | B) | secondary structure of proteins. |
| | C) | tertiary structure of proteins. |
| | D) | peptide bonds. |
|
|
|
| 51 | |
Which of the following proteins is/are characterized by a quaternary structure? |
| | A) | Lipoprotein |
| | B) | Myoglobin |
| | C) | Hemoglobin |
| | D) | All proteins have quaternary structure. |
|
|
|
| 52 | |
The sugar found in nucleic acids is a |
| | A) | triose sugar. |
| | B) | hexose sugar. |
| | C) | pentose sugar. |
|
|
|
| 53 | |
When complementary base pairing occurs in DNA |
| | A) | two DNA strands are paired in a parallel fashion. |
| | B) | guanine pairs with adenine. |
| | C) | cytosine pairs with thymine. |
| | D) | adenine pairs with thyrmine. |
|
|
|
| 54 | |
Which of the following is a good example of an ionic compound? |
| | A) | glucose |
| | B) | table salt (NaCl) |
| | C) | water |
| | D) | cholesterol |
|
|
|
| 55 | |
The best term used to describe molecules that are "water-loving" is |
| | A) | hydrophilic. |
| | B) | lipophilic. |
| | C) | hydrophobic. |
| | D) | ionic. |
|
|
|
| 56 | |
Molecules where the carbon atoms are joined together in a ring and have alternating double bonds are called |
| | A) | saturated. |
| | B) | unsaturated. |
| | C) | hydrophilic. |
| | D) | aromatic. |
|
|
|
| 57 | |
When molecules have the same chemical formula, arranged in the same sequence, but differing only in their spatial orientation of key functional groups, producing D-isomers and L-isomers, they are called |
| | A) | isomers. |
| | B) | stereoisomers |
| | C) | isotopes |
| | D) | agonists |
|
|
|
| 58 | |
In animals the primary form of carbohydrate storage is |
| | A) | starch |
| | B) | glycogen |
| | C) | cellulose |
| | D) | keratin |
|
|
|
| 59 | |
The atomic number of an atom is determined by the: |
| | A) | number of electrons |
| | B) | number of protons |
| | C) | number of protons and neutrons |
| | D) | number of electrons and protons |
|
|
|
| 60 | |
The number of chemical bonds normally formed by oxygen is: |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
|
|
|
| 61 | |
Which of the following atoms does not have a strong tendency to pull electrons towards it? |
| | A) | oxygen |
| | B) | nitrogen |
| | C) | phosphorous |
| | D) | hydrogen |
|
|
.