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Axons of autonomic nerves are always motor or , with the cell body located in the gray matter of the or the spinal cord. |
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There are two major categories of motor neurons: somatic and . |
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The three effectors found at the end of all autonomic neurons are cardiac muscle (the heart), smooth muscle (visceral organs), and . |
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Severing or cutting autonomic neurons that results in an increase in responsiveness at the target cell, is a characteristic of autonomic neurons, called denervation . |
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Preganglionic sympathetic neurons emerge from the levels of the spinal cord, whereas preganglionic parasympathetic fibers originate in the and levels of the spinal cord. |
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Most cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neurons are located in ganglia called the sympathetic or ganglia. |
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The axons of postganglinic autonomic nerves have localizes swellings called that contain the neurotransmitter and allow (3 words) to be formed with the target cells. |
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The , or prevertebral ganglia (which include the celiac and mesenteric ganglia) contain the synapses of preganglionic sympathetic fibers. The emerging postganglionic fibers ultimately innervate the organs of the digestive, urinary, and systems. |
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Modified sympathetic ganglion cells are located directly in the medulla of the gland. |
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Many cranial nerves are preganglionic neurons with short postganglionic neurons because the ganglia are located close to or within the target cells. |
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"Fight or flight" results from the release of as the neurotransmitter from postganglionic sympathetic neurons and from the adrenal medulla. |
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The only neurotransmitter released by nerves in the parasympathetic nervous system is and such fibers are said to be . |
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Postganglionic sympathetic fibers that innervate the blood vessels of muscle and those that innervate glands are cholinergic. |
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The neurotransmitter, norepinephrine binds to two classes of receptor proteins, known by the Greek letters and , that, in turn, have two subtypes. |
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The stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors consistently causes of smooth muscles, whereas the ß-adrenergic effects are more complex. |
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A drug like propranolol that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter in the synapse is said to be a(n) of the neurotransmitter. |
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Since cocaine stimulates an increased sympathetic response it is called a drug. |
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The drug curare is used clinically to relax skeletal muscles because this drug specifically blocks the type of cholinergic receptors present in the neuromuscular junction. |
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(2 words) is the gas form of neurotransmitter (or paracrine regulator) that seems to have an important role in the relaxation of smooth muscles in many organs and blood vessels. |
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(2 words) means that an organ can be stimulated by both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. |
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The opposing effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation on the pupil of the eye represents an example of effects. |
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Body temperature regulation (thermogenesis) is accomplished entirely by the action of neurons from the branch of the autonomic nervous system. |
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The two most important regions of the brain directly responsible for the control of autonomic nervous system activity are the and the limbic system. |
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Cholinergic receptors are classified as either or . |
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The receptors that bind acetylcholine are similar to adrenergic receptors structurally in that both receptor types are G-coupled receptors. |
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