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The functions of the circulatory system can be divided into three broad areas: (of substances participating in cellular metabolism), (carrying hormones and temperature control), and (clotting against blood loss and white blood cells provide immune defense). |
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Blood enters the capillaries from and after flowing through capillaries enters the . |
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The straw-colored fluid portion of the blood consisting of water and dissolved solutes is called . |
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The formed elements of the blood include , , and . |
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The gamma globulins are produced by lymphocytes and function in immunity. |
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The blood cells are flattened, biconcave discs, about 7 mm in diameter and 2.2 mm thick. |
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Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils, are distinguishable by their affinity for different colored stains--a characteristic of the type of leukocytes. |
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Platelets are the smallest of the formed elements and are also known as . |
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The blood-forming or hemopoietic stem cells from the embryonic yolk sac migrate first to the liver, and then to the shortly after birth where blood cell production continues during the life of the individual. |
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The are the earliest cells that can be distinguished that will become granular leukocytes. |
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Autocrine regulatory molecules that direct the synthesis of different subtypes of lymphocytes are called . |
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Blood type is considered the "universal donor". |
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When A or B antigens are exposed accidentally to their specific antibodies, a serious clumping reaction will occur, called , during which the red blood cells will bridge together, causing small blood vessel blockage and hemolysis. |
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In the hemolytic disease of the newborn, or erythroblastosis fetalis, the mother is Rh and the baby, is Rh . |
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Erythroblastosis fetalis can be prevented by injecting the mother with , a gamma globulin preparation against the Rh factor. |
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Hemostasis is another name for blood . |
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The final step in the coagulation process is the conversion of soluble molecules of fibrinogen present in the plasma to insoluble threads of . |
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Vitamin is needed to convert glutamic acid into a derivative called gamma-carboxyglutamic acid, that will bind to Ca2+ during the normal formation of a clot. |
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Aspirin, coumarin, heparin, and citrate, are all drugs that are classified as because these drugs prevent blood clotting. |
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The major buffer in the plasma is (2 words)as it binds readily to H+ or releases it to stabilize the pH. |
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Respiratory acidosis can correct metabolic . |
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The (2 words) separates the atria from the ventricles. |
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The path of blood from the heart, through the lungs, and back to the heart completes one circuit, known as the circulation. |
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Most of the work of the heart is performed by the ventricle as it forces blood into the aorta. |
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Blood leaving the pulmonary veins is relatively in oxygen compared to blood entering the pulmonary arteries. |
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To prevent the eversion of the flaps of the atrioventricluar valves into the atria by the force of the contractions, the muscles contract within the ventricles, applying tension to the (2 words) which anchor the flaps to the muscles. |
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The valves are located at the origin of the pulmonary artery and the aorta and prevent the back flow of blood into the ventricles. |
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The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle is called and lasts about 0.3 seconds while the relaxation phase is called and last about 0.5 seconds. |
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An average cardiac rate is around beats per minute. |
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The first heart sound is caused by closure of the valves and the second heart sound is caused by closure of the valves. |
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In a normal cardiac cycle, the left ventricle generates a maximum of mmHg of pressure, ejecting blood out of the heart and into the aorta. |
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are abnormal heart sounds produced by abnormal patterns of blood flow in the heart. |
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Since the lungs of a fetus are collapsed, blood is routed away from the pulmonary circulation by a vessel connecting the pulmonary trunk and the aorta, called the (2 words). |
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The normal pacemaker of the heart is the which is located in the right atrium near the opening of the superior vena cava. |
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The ion whose slow inward diffusion into the myocardial cells is most responsible for the plateau phase that occurs during the last half of a myocardial fiber action potential in the ventricle is the ion. |
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The atrioventricular bundle of His divides into right and left (2 words), which are continuous with the fibers that extend within the ventricular walls. |
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Abnormal patterns of electrical conduction in the heart that can produce abnormalities of the cardiac cycle and seriously compromise the function of the heart are called . |
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The depolarization of the atria produces the wave and the repolarization of the ventricles produces the wave in the electrocardiogram. |
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Lead II of the ECG records the heart's voltage changes between electrodes located on the wrist and the left . |
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While recording the ECG, the first heart sound is produced immediately after the wave appears. |
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The innermost lining of all blood vessels is a layer of simple squamous epithelium, called . |
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The and smaller muscular arteries have narrow lumina, thus providing the greatest resistance to blood flow through the arterial system. |
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Different organs have different types of capillaries that are distinguishable structurally; as demonstrated by the capillaries of the central nervous system that are particularly closely joined together, helping to establish the blood-brain barrier. |
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The effect of the massaging action of skeletal muscle on venous blood flow is often described as the skeletal muscle , helping to return blood toward the heart. |
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Breathing can assist in the return of venous blood to the heart by altering the pressures in the thoracic cavity. As a result blood returns to the heart when a person compared to when a person . |
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veins develop when the accumulation of blood in the veins of the legs over a long period of time causes the veins to stretch to the point where the venous valves are no longer efficient. |
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A more formal name for a blood clot, is the term . |
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There is significant evidence showing that excessively high blood levels of derived from foods high in saturated fat are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. |
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Recent evidence has suggested that the progression of atherosclerosis involves injury to the blood vessel endothelial cells that is caused by the entry and oxidation of a lipid particle, called the oxidized particle. |
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During a myocardial infarction, substernal pain called (2 words) is referred to the left shoulder and arm. |
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Treadmill testing for cardiovascular disease is often recommended because myocardial ischemia may be detected by observing a depression in the segment of the electrocardiogram tracing during the test. |
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The most serious of all arrhythmias, characterized by a continuous recycling of electrical waves in the heart or circus rhythms, is ventricular . |
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The duct is the largest of the lymphatic vessels, directing lymph from the interstitial spaces of tissues throughout the body for drainage into the blood of the left subclavian vein. |
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