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| 1 | |
Which of the following is not a broad area of function within the circulatory system? |
| | A) | neurochemical release |
| | B) | transportation |
| | C) | regulation |
| | D) | protection |
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| 2 | |
The presence of ________ in the circulatory system would be considered abnormal. |
| | A) | respiratory gas molecules, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| | B) | absorbed products of digestion |
| | C) | Krebs cycle enzymes |
| | D) | metabolic wastes, water and ions |
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| 3 | |
At rest the heart of an average human will pump ________ liters of blood per minute. |
| | A) | three |
| | B) | five |
| | C) | seven |
| | D) | nine |
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| 4 | |
The thick blood vessels that transport blood under high pressure are the |
| | A) | arteries. |
| | B) | arterioles. |
| | C) | capillaries. |
| | D) | veins. |
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| 5 | |
The lymph enters the circulatory system after it has drained from throughout the body at the level of the |
| | A) | arteries. |
| | B) | arterioles. |
| | C) | capillaries. |
| | D) | veins. |
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| 6 | |
The "buffy coat" that forms when whole blood is centrifuged in a test tube, is composed of |
| | A) | red blood cells. |
| | B) | white blood cells. |
| | C) | platelets. |
| | D) | white blood cells and platelets. |
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| 7 | |
A normal hematocrit value of 45 means that |
| | A) | 45% of the formed elements are erythrocytes. |
| | B) | there are 45 million formed elements per ml of whole blood. |
| | C) | 45% of the total blood volume is formed elements. |
| | D) | 45 ml of plasma are tested by centrifugation. |
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| 8 | |
The major solute dissolved in the plasma as well as the interstitial fluid is |
| | A) | glucose. |
| | B) | Na+. |
| | C) | K+. |
| | D) | albumin. |
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| 9 | |
Blood clotting would not occur if there plasma were deficient in |
| | A) | globulin. |
| | B) | insulin. |
| | C) | albumin. |
| | D) | fibrinogen. |
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| 10 | |
Erythrocytes |
| | A) | lack both a nucleus and mitochondria organelles. |
| | B) | are the blood cell that is responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria. |
| | C) | are produced in the thymus. |
| | D) | have a circulating life span of about twelve months. |
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| 11 | |
A plastic anemia results in an abnormally low red blood cell count, due to |
| | A) | lack of iron content or iron absorption from the diet |
| | B) | destruction of the bone marrow, perhaps by chemicals in the environment or chemotherapy |
| | C) | insufficient protein in the diet in those individual suffering from malnutrition |
| | D) | inadequate vitamin B12 absorption from the diet because the intrinsic factor is absent |
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| 12 | |
Which of the following does not belong to the class of granular leukocytes? |
| | A) | neutrophil |
| | B) | basophil |
| | C) | lymphocyte |
| | D) | eosinophil |
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| 13 | |
Platelets |
| | A) | have a life span of about 120 days. |
| | B) | are the largest of the formed elements and are also called megakaryocytes. |
| | C) | release a chemical called serotonin that constricts blood vessels. |
| | D) | have proteins in the membrane that activate clotting factors. |
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| 14 | |
In general, which of the following cells has the shortest life span? |
| | A) | erythrocytes |
| | B) | platelets |
| | C) | agranular leukocytes |
| | D) | granular leukocytes |
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| 15 | |
Which of the following cells is present in the blood in greatest numbers? |
| | A) | erythrocytes |
| | B) | platelets |
| | C) | agranular leukocytes |
| | D) | granular leukocytes |
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| 16 | |
Which of the following leukocytes usually accounts for less than 1% of white blood cells present? |
| | A) | neutrophils |
| | B) | eosinophils |
| | C) | basophils |
| | D) | lymphocytes |
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| 17 | |
In the ABO system of red blood cell typing, which of the following genotypes would produce type O blood? |
| | A) | ii |
| | B) | IAi |
| | C) | IBi |
| | D) | IAIB |
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| 18 | |
A person whose blood genotype is IAi has red blood cells with ____ antigens bound to the outer membrane surface and anti-____ antibodies floating in the plasma. |
| | A) | B; B |
| | B) | A; B |
| | C) | A; A |
| | D) | B; A |
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| 19 | |
Which statement about erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn) is false? |
| | A) | The baby is Rh positive and the mother is Rh negative. |
| | B) | The mother's immune system has made antibodies against the Rh factor present on the red blood cells of the previous baby. |
| | C) | The baby is born with an abnormally high number of red blood cells (anemia). |
| | D) | The Rh negative mother should have been given RhoGAM (antibodies) by injection. |
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| 20 | |
Which of the following events is the first to occur during the process of hemostasis after a blood vessel becomes injured? |
| | A) | The endothelial lining is damaged, exposing collagen proteins to the blood. |
| | B) | The injured blood vessel is dilated by newly released chemicals to let in defense cells. |
| | C) | Platelets become "sticky" and a platelet plug is formed near the injury site. |
| | D) | A web of fibrin protein strands tightly interweave the platelet plug. |
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| 21 | |
The endothelial cells of the blood vessel produce two important chemicals involved in hemostasis - prostacyclin and ____. |
| | A) | serotonin |
| | B) | von Willebrand factor |
| | C) | ADP |
| | D) | thromboxane A2 |
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| 22 | |
The most important ion involved in the blood clotting sequences is |
| | A) | Na+ |
| | B) | Ca2+ |
| | C) | K+ |
| | D) | H+ |
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| 23 | |
Which step is required to catalyze the final step in the blood clotting cascade? |
| | A) | Converting factor XII to factor XI |
| | B) | Converting factor VII to factor X |
| | C) | Converting fibrinogen to fibrin |
| | D) | Converting prothrombin to thrombin |
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| 24 | |
Formation of blood clotting factors requires vitamin _____. |
| | A) | K |
| | B) | C |
| | C) | B12 |
| | D) | D |
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| 25 | |
Blood clotting would not be inhibited by |
| | A) | citrate. |
| | B) | EDTA. |
| | C) | heparin. |
| | D) | bradykinin. |
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| 26 | |
Regarding the body's regulation of acid-base balance |
| | A) | The major buffer in blood plasma is the phosphate buffer. |
| | B) | The lungs and liver are the two organs most responsible for maintaining a constant pH. |
| | C) | Normal blood plasma pH slightly basic. |
| | D) | All acids in the body are not gases and therefore are considered nonvolatile acids. |
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| 27 | |
In metabolic acidosis |
| | A) | the production of nonvolatile acids is abnormally increased. |
| | B) | an excessive amount of CO2 is loss through ventilation. |
| | C) | severe vomiting is usually evident. |
| | D) | the cause can be attributed to an increase in bicarbonate ion concentration in the blood. |
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| 28 | |
In respiratory alkalosis |
| | A) | the blood pH usually falls below 7.35. |
| | B) | the rate of respirations are greater than normal. |
| | C) | both the blood levels of PCO2 and HCO3- levels are unusually high. |
| | D) | the cause can be attributed to prolonged breath holding. |
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| 29 | |
Within the pulmonary circulation, the |
| | A) | pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood. |
| | B) | pulmonary veins carry blood toward the lung capillaries. |
| | C) | blood returning to the left atrium of the heart is oxygen-poor. |
| | D) | oxygen from the blood diffuses into the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. |
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| 30 | |
The atrioventricular (AV) valve |
| | A) | located between the right atrium and right ventricle is known as the bicuspid. |
| | B) | located between the left atrium and left ventricle is known as the tricuspid. |
| | C) | called the mitral valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle and is also called the bicuspid valve. |
| | D) | normally prevents the backflow of blood from the atria to the ventricles. |
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| 31 | |
The semilunar valves |
| | A) | prevent the backward flow of blood from the ventricles into the atria. |
| | B) | are open during the relaxation phase of the ventricles. |
| | C) | are held tightly closed by papillary muscles and chordae tendineae. |
| | D) | regulate the passage of blood from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery and the aorta. |
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| 32 | |
The terms "systole" and "diastole" refer, respectively, to the |
| | A) | contraction phase and relaxation phase of the atria |
| | B) | relaxation phase and contraction phase of the atria |
| | C) | contraction phase and relaxation phase of the ventricles |
| | D) | relaxation phase and contraction phase of the ventricles |
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| 33 | |
At rest, each complete cardiac cycle lasts about 0.8 seconds, of which diastole lasts ____ seconds and systole lasts ____ seconds. |
| | A) | 0.3; 0.5 |
| | B) | 0.4; 0.4 |
| | C) | 0.5; 0.3 |
| | D) | 0.6; 0.2 |
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| 34 | |
During one cardiac cycle, the major difference between the left and the right halves of the heart is that the |
| | A) | left heart pumps a lesser volume of blood than the right heart |
| | B) | right heart contracts shortly before the left heart |
| | C) | right heart pumps blood with less force (at lower pressure) than the left heart |
| | D) | left heart has a shorter cardiac cycle duration than the right heart |
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| 35 | |
The second heart sound results from vibrations generated by the |
| | A) | opening of the AV valves at the start of diastole |
| | B) | closing of the AV valves at the start of systole |
| | C) | opening of the semilunar valves at the start of systole |
| | D) | closing of the semilunar valves at the start of diastole |
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| 36 | |
In mitral stenosis, the mitral valve becomes thickened and calcified, interfering with the flow of blood from the |
| | A) | right atrium to the right ventricle. |
| | B) | right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. |
| | C) | left atrium to the left ventricle. |
| | D) | left ventricle into the aorta. |
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| 37 | |
Congenital septal defects are holes that form in the septum during the embryonic development of the heart--resulting in the abnormal flow of blood from |
| | A) | the right side of the heart to the left. |
| | B) | the left side of the heart to the right. |
| | C) | the pulmonary artery to the aorta. |
| | D) | the ductus arteriosus to the aorta. |
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| 38 | |
The sinoatrial (SA) node is the normal pacemaker of the heart because the SA node |
| | A) | can form action potentials that can spread throughout the rest of the heart. |
| | B) | depolarizes to its threshold potential before other pacemakers in the heart. |
| | C) | forms a functional syncytium, transmitting action potentials to neighboring cardiac fibers. |
| | D) | is most likely to form an ectopic focus. |
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| 39 | |
Action potentials in myocardial cells have a characteristic plateau phase, which is caused primarily by the |
| | A) | slow outward diffusion of Na+ |
| | B) | fast inward diffusion of Na+ |
| | C) | fast outward diffusion of Ca2+ |
| | D) | slow inward diffusion of Ca2+ |
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| 40 | |
In the electrical conducting system of the heart |
| | A) | the Purkinje fibers transmit the action potential to the atrioventricular node. |
| | B) | the atrioventricular bundle gives rise to the bundle branches. |
| | C) | the bundle branches innvervate the myocardial cells. |
| | D) | the atvioventricular node transmits information to the bundle branches. |
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| 41 | |
In a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing |
| | A) | The T wave represents depolarization of the atria. |
| | B) | The QRS wave represents repolarization of the ventricles. |
| | C) | The repolarization of the atria is hidden by the QRS wave. |
| | D) | The P wave represents repolarization of the atria. |
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| 42 | |
The first heart sound (S1) is heard as the electrocardiogram displays the |
| | A) | P wave |
| | B) | P-R interval |
| | C) | QRS wave |
| | D) | T wave |
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| 43 | |
The inner most layer of the blood vessels is called the |
| | A) | tunica externa. |
| | B) | tunica media. |
| | C) | tunica intima. |
| | D) | endothelium. |
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| 44 | |
Which of the following statements about arteries and veins is false? |
| | A) | Arteries have more smooth muscle for their diameters than do comparable veins. |
| | B) | Arteries carry blood transported under higher pressure than blood carried by veins. |
| | C) | Only veins have one-way valves to promote flow in one direction. |
| | D) | Veins can collapse, serving as the blood vessel with the greatest resistance to blood flow in the circulatory system. |
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| 45 | |
The exchanges of gases and nutrients between the blood and the tissues occur, are the blood vessels called |
| | A) | arteries. |
| | B) | arterioles. |
| | C) | capillaries. |
| | D) | veins. |
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| 46 | |
The type of capillary that forms sinusoids is the |
| | A) | continuous capillary. |
| | B) | discontinuous capillary. |
| | C) | fenestrated capillary. |
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| 47 | |
Normal venous returns relies upon all of the following except |
| | A) | the inhalation or inspiratory phase of normal breathing. |
| | B) | the contractions of skeletal muscles (muscle pump). |
| | C) | the higher average hydrostatic pressure in the veins than that in the right heart chambers. |
| | D) | standing upright, perfectly still. |
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| 48 | |
Which of the following events is not considered part of the progression that occurs during long-term atherosclerosis? |
| | A) | Cholesterol-containing high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are engulfed by endothelial cells that display HDL receptors. |
| | B) | Gray-white "fatty streaks" protrude into the lumen of arteries and thus reduce blood flow. |
| | C) | The atheromas may serve as site for clot formation. |
| | D) | Fibrous plaques may form composed of accumulated lipids, white blood cells, and debris, covered by a cap of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells. |
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| 49 | |
A myocardial infarct |
| | A) | is commonly referred to by the general public as a stroke. |
| | B) | may be detected by changes in that portion of the ECG called the S-T segment. |
| | C) | occurs rapidly since myocardial cells have an absolute requirement for oxygen. |
| | D) | the abnormal release of creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase enzymes released from the damaged cells lasts only a few minutes. |
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| 50 | |
Pacemakers may be useful in treating a |
| | A) | myocardial infarction. |
| | B) | atherosclerosis. |
| | C) | third-degree AV node block. |
| | D) | mitral stenosis. |
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| 51 | |
The lymphatic system |
| | A) | transports interstitial fluid back to the blood. |
| | B) | preventing varicose veins by promoting venous return of blood to the heart. |
| | C) | transporting glucose from the small intestine to the blood. |
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| 52 | |
Due to the unique structure of lymph capillaries, lymph contains all of the following substances except |
| | A) | proteins. |
| | B) | microorganisms. |
| | C) | red blood cells and platelets. |
| | D) | interstitial fluid. |
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| 53 | |
Lymph fluid eventually flows into lymphatics that merge with other lymphatics from around the body and drains directly from the thoracic duct into the |
| | A) | subclavian veins. |
| | B) | vena cava. |
| | C) | aorta. |
| | D) | right atrium. |
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| 54 | |
Lymphoid organs would not include the |
| | A) | thymus gland. |
| | B) | thyroid gland. |
| | C) | tonsils. |
| | D) | spleen. |
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| 55 | |
During normal ventricular contraction, what fraction of the end-diastolic volume is ejected as the stroke volume? |
| | A) | one-fourth |
| | B) | one-third |
| | C) | one-half |
| | D) | two-thirds |
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