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The nephron consists of a and a component that allows for the formation of urine. |
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The tube that drains urine from the urinary bladder to the outside and that varies in length between males and females, is called the . |
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While the urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under autonomic control, the urethral sphincter is composed of skeletal muscle that can be consciously controlled. |
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The afferent arterioles deliver blood into specialized capillary networks, called , which produce a blood filtrate that enters the urinary tubules. |
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The duct of the nephron receives the filtrate from the distal convoluted tubules of several adjacent nephrons and conducts this fluid from the cortex to the minor calyx via the renal pyramid. |
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The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is composed of unique cells, called , with numerous cytoplasmic extensions known as pedicels, or "foot processes." |
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One reason for the exclusion of plasma proteins from the filtrate at the glomerulus is that these proteins are composed of amino acids that have an overall charge. |
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During a flight-or-fight reaction or during exercise, the sympathetic nervous system is stimulated to the afferent arterioles leading to the glomerulus and thereby result in a in urine production. |
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Decreasing the flow of filitrate across the (2 words) cells stimulate tubuloglomerular feedback to stimulate the an increase in glomerular filtration rate by stimulating of the afferent arterioles. |
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One of the most important functions of the kidney is the return of specific filtered molecules from the nephron tubules to the vascular system, a process known as . |
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The non-surgical procedure used to disrupt renal calculi is known as (2 words). |
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The reabsorption of chloride ions normally occurs passively by simple diffusion as the negatively charged chloride ion follows the positively charged ion. |
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In order for the countercurrent multiplier system to work effectively the osmotic pressure in the tissue fluid of the renal medulla must be . |
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An important feature of the countercurrent multiplier system is the fact that unlike the epithelial walls of the proximal convoluted tubule, the walls of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle are not permeable to . |
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The peritubular capillaries that form long capillary loops that parallel the long loops of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons and serve to remove most of the salt that is extruded from the ascending limbs are known as the (2 words) . |
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hormone is released by the posterior pituitary and promotes the incorporation of into the epithelial membranes of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct to aid in the reabsorption of water. |
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When the concentration of ADH rises in the blood, the collecting ducts become permeable to water, and water is reabsorbed. |
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Osmoreceptors within the brain are located in the and monitor the osmotic pressure of the blood to regulate the release of (2 words) from the posterior pituitary gland. |
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One of the major functions of the kidneys is the elimination of waste products such as urea, creatinine, and other molecules from the blood by moving them from the peritubular capillaries and into the tubular cells, from which they are actively transported into the tubular lumen--a process called . |
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Glomerular filtration rate can be estimated determining the clearance rates of the polysaccharide that is injected into the blood or by measuring the concentration a normal metabolic waste product of skeletal muscle. |
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21 | |
Despite the fact that urea is a waste product of protein metabolism, much of the filtered urea is reabsorbed and returned to the vascular system by out of the tubule. |
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22 | |
In the statement, "The Tm for glucose in the kidney nephron averages 375 mg per minute" the Tm refers to the term, (2 words) . |
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Addison's disease results in and metabolic acidosis because the secretion of is very low. |
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24 | |
Glycosuria is a condition in which there is present in the urine. |
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The mineralocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the renal reabsorption of Na+ and the secretion of K+ is . |
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The granular cells of the afferent arteriole secrete into the blood which catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. |
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The hormone that is produced by the atria of the heart and that stimulates the excretion of salt from the nephron is called (3 words) and is secreted in response to an in blood volume. |
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28 | |
The kidneys help regulate the blood pH by excreting H+ in the urine and by reabsorbing . |
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The enzyme (2 words) is located in the apical cell membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule, in contact with the filtrate, where it catalyzes the conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 and H2O. |
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30 | |
The primary cause of metabolic acidosis or alkalosis is the lack or abundance of in the blood. |
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31 | |
The action of a diuretic on the kidneys would result in a in the mean arterial blood pressure. |
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Excessive use of many diuretics will produce ions. |
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