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1
The primary function of the kidney is to regulate the extracellular fluid environment in the body.
A)True
B)False
2
Urine is actually plasma that has been filtered and modified by the kidney tubules.
A)True
B)False
3
The urethra collects urine from the renal pelvis for transport to the urinary bladder.
A)True
B)False
4
The internal urethral sphincter (the upper sphincter) is composed of smooth muscle, but the external urethral sphincter (the lower sphincter) is composed of skeletal muscle and thus its voluntary control is learned early in life.
A)True
B)False
5
The functional unit of the kidney that is responsible for the formation of urine is the nephron.
A)True
B)False
6
The glomerulus is the structure that is thought of as the "filter" of the kidney since it forms a fluid called filtrate (or ultrafiltrate) from blood.
A)True
B)False
7
The glomerulus, the glomerular capsule, and the proximal convoluted tubule are all located within the medulla region of the kidney.
A)True
B)False
8
There are two types of nephrons, which are classified according to their position within the kidney and the lengths of their loops of Henle.
A)True
B)False
9
The filtrate within the nephron becomes urine only when is passes through the distal convoluted tubules and enters the collecting ducts.
A)True
B)False
10
Polycystic kidney disease is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait that is caused by a defective gene; leading to the formation of expanded portions of the kidney tubules (cysts) and progressive renal failure later in life.
A)True
B)False
11
Plasma proteins can pass through the glomerular capillary pores yet do not appear in the filtrate mainly because they are too large and are repelled by negative charges on the basement membrane outside the capillary wall.
A)True
B)False
12
In a healthy individual, the protein concentration of the ultrafiltrate is less than that of the plasma.
A)True
B)False
13
Total urine production each day is greater than daily glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
A)True
B)False
14
Renal autoregulation corrects for a decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure toward 70 mm Hg by releasing locally produced chemicals that dilate the afferent arterioles to keep the GFR relatively constant
A)True
B)False
15
When blood pressure falls, sympathetic nerve activity vasoconstricts afferent arterioles while renal autoregulation will vasodilate the afferent arterioles--working to maintain a constant flow of blood to the kidney.
A)True
B)False
16
The tubuloglomerular feedback process describes how the macula densa detect increased glomerular filtrate flow and stimulate constriction of the arteriole to decrease the rate of glomerular filtration.
A)True
B)False
17
Only 400 ml of urine per day, is required by the kidney to excrete the metabolic wastes produced by the body and this volume is known as obligatory water loss
A)True
B)False
18
Reabsorption is the movement of filtered water and molecules from the nephron tubules, through the tubular epithelial cells and eventually into the blood.
A)True
B)False
19
The osmolality of the glomerular filtrate is essentially the same as that of plasma at 300 mOsm/L and is thus isosmotic with the plasma.
A)True
B)False
20
In the proximal convoluted tubule, the Na+/K+ pumps are located only the apical sides of the epithelial cell membranes.
A)True
B)False
21
Only a small part (less than 10%) of salt and water in the original ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule and returned to the blood.
A)True
B)False
22
For water reabsorption to occur from the filtrate, the interstitial fluid flowing outside the nephron between the interstitial cells of the renal medulla must be hypotonic.
A)True
B)False
23
The tubular fluid leaving the loop of Henle and entering the distal convoluted tubule in the kidney cortex is hypotonic (with a concentration of about 100 mOsm), whereas the tissue fluid in the medulla is simultaneously made hypertonic.
A)True
B)False
24
Because plasma proteins (colloids) are present in the blood but not in the medullary fluid, water flows from the medulla into the peritubular (vasa recta) capillaries, thus removing water from the renal medulla.
A)True
B)False
25
As a result of the recycling of salt between the ascending and descending limbs and the recycling of urea between the collecting duct and the loop of Henle, the tissue fluid of the medulla is made very hypotonic.
A)True
B)False
26
The permeability of the cell membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells to water is dependent on the number of aquaporins present in those membranes.
A)True
B)False
27
In response to antidiuretic hormone, cAMP is activated as a second messenger to direct the fusion of water channel vesicles to the membranes of the collecting duct epithelial cells; and thus increasing the permeability of the collecting duct to water and increasing water reabsorption.
A)True
B)False
28
During dehydration, osmoreceptors located in the kidney respond to an increase in blood osmotic pressure by increasing the secretion of ADH.
A)True
B)False
29
Secretion is the movement of solutes in a direction opposite to that of reabsorption.
A)True
B)False
30
The amount of inulin passing into the urine and excreted each minute can be used to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of both kidneys.
A)True
B)False
31
The relatively rapid rate excretion of toxins and drugs in the urine has been shown to be due to a number of organic anion transporters, each of which is specific for a given toxin or drug.
A)True
B)False
32
The effectiveness of certain antibiotics, like penicillin, that are rapidly excreted from the body in the urine is improved by using carriers that compete for the transport protein in the tubular epithelium.
A)True
B)False
33
Urea, a waste product that is formed in the liver from amino acids during protein metabolism, is filtered at the glomerulus and then totally excreted in the urine without reabsorption.
A)True
B)False
34
Blood entering the kidneys through the renal artery will be completely free of wastes when it exits the kidneys through the renal vein.
A)True
B)False
35
The plasma clearance of para-aminohippuric acid (PAH) can be used to measure the total amount of blood flowing through the kidneys in one minute--also known as the total renal blood flow.
A)True
B)False
36
Roughly 80% of the total flow of plasma to the kidneys is filtered at the glomerulus while the remaining 20% of the unfiltered blood plasma passes on to the efferent arterioles and the vasa recta.
A)True
B)False
37
The appearance of glucose in the urine occurs only when the plasma concentration of glucose is abnormally high and exceeds the transport maximum of the glucose transport protein.
A)True
B)False
38
Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by the inadequate secretion or action of insulin resulting in hypoglycemia (measured after fasting) and the excretion of a large volume of dilute urine.
A)True
B)False
39
Diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus are similar diseases, differing only in severity of their symptoms.
A)True
B)False
40
Approximately 50% of the filtered Na+ and K+ are reabsorbed without the influence of hormones in the early parts of the nephron.
A)True
B)False
41
In the absence of aldosterone 2% of the filtered Na+ (roughly 30 g) will be excreted in the urine each day.
A)True
B)False
42
Aldosterone stimulates potassium excretion and sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule and in the cortical region of the collecting duct.
A)True
B)False
43
The only means by which the body can eliminate excess plasma potassium is through the actions of aldosterone.
A)True
B)False
44
Cardiac arrhythmias, and even death, can occur when only when plasma K+ concentrations are abnormally high (hyperkalemia).
A)True
B)False
45
Increased plasma Na+ concentration indirectly stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex by increasing renin secretion from the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
A)True
B)False
46
Dehydration will stimulate the release of antrial natriuretic peptide.
A)True
B)False
47
The macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus inhibit renin, and consequently aldosterone, secretion when the blood and filtrate Na+ concentrations are decreased.
A)True
B)False
48
Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) is a buffer to which free H+ can bind, thus causing the concentration of free H+ to fall and the pH value of the body fluids to rise.
A)True
B)False
49
In the regulation of whole body pH, the lungs are primarily responsible for the regulation of carbon dioxide whereas the kidneys are primarily responsible for the regulation of bicarbonate levels in the blood.
A)True
B)False
50
Respiratory alkalosis results when the pH of the blood is higher than 7.35 due to low PCO2.
A)True
B)False
51
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase is located on the apical cell membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule cells along the nephron, in contact with the filtrate.
A)True
B)False
52
In order for a bicarbonate ion to be reabsorbed from filtrate and returned to the blood, it must first combine with carbon dioxide.
A)True
B)False
53
Because one role of the kidney is to regulate blood volume, diuretics can be used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure).
A)True
B)False
54
Most diuretic drugs act to promote water loss at the level of the proximal convoluted tubule.
A)True
B)False
55
The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors like acetazolamide are much more powerful diuretics than the loop diuretics like furosemide and ethacrynic acid.
A)True
B)False
56
Hemodialysis can be performed several times a day at home, whereas continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is commonly performed three times a week for several hours each session.
A)True
B)False
57
Glomerulonephritis leads to edema due to the inability of the glomerulus to prevent proteins from entering the glomerular ultrafiltrate.
A)True
B)False





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