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True or False
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1
Autonomic motor nerves form synapses known as synapses en passant.
A)True
B)False
2
The term viscera refers to the organs located within the body cavities.
A)True
B)False
3
Unlike the somatic nervous system which has one synapse in the periphery, the autonomic nervous system has two peripheral synapses.
A)True
B)False
4
A ganglion is defined as a collection of cell bodies located within the peripheral nervous system.
A)True
B)False
5
Ganglia are an integral part of the somatic motor pathway.
A)True
B)False
6
Cardiac muscle cells and many smooth muscle cells can contract rhythmically in the absence of autonomic stimulation.
A)True
B)False
7
Unlike somatic motor neurons that always cause stimulation of skeletal muscle, some autonomic nerves release neurotransmitters that inhibit the activity of their effectors.
A)True
B)False
8
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons have preganglionic cell bodies located inside the PNS and postganglionic cell bodies located outside the CNS.
A)True
B)False
9
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons are myelinated and thus, called white rami communicantes, while preganglionic sympathetic fibers are unmyelinated and therefore, form the gray rami communicantes.
A)True
B)False
10
The convergence of impulses from the spinal cord to the ganglia and the divergence of impulses within the ganglia usually result in the mass activation of almost all postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system.
A)True
B)False
11
The cortex of the adrenal gland are derived from the neural crest that forms preganglionic sympathetic neurons.
A)True
B)False
12
Neurons whose cell bodies originate in the medulla oblongata and whose axons become cranial nerves that function within the autonomic nervous system, would be classified as sympathetic nerves.
A)True
B)False
13
The preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves both release acetylcholine.
A)True
B)False
14
Sympathetic nerves to the visceral organs consist of preganglionic fibers, whereas parasympathetic nerves to these organs contain postganglionic fibers.
A)True
B)False
15
Postganglioni sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons usually acetylcholine.
A)True
B)False
16
Those sympathetic postganglionic neurons activating blood vessels in skeletal muscle and in sweat glands are unique in their release of acetylcholine instead of the of norepinephrine.
A)True
B)False
17
Adrenergic stimulation of target cells by epinephrine (usually from the adrenal medulla) and by norepinephrine (from sympathetic nerve endings) can produce both excitatory and inhibitory effects on the target cell.
A)True
B)False
18
The two subtypes of alpha receptors produce their effects by stimulating increases in cyclic AMP (cAMP) production within the target cells.
A)True
B)False
19
The response of a target cell when norepinephrine binds to β2 receptors results in a rise in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration that serves as a "second messenger'" rather than cAMP.
A)True
B)False
20
Stimulation of b-adrenergic receptors almost always causes smooth muscle contraction, resulting in constriction of small blood vessels (vasoconstriction).
A)True
B)False
21
The drug that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter is said to be an agonist of that neurotransmitter.
A)True
B)False
22
The effects at the synapses of somatic motor neurons and preganglionic autonomic neurons can be both excitatory and inhibitory.
A)True
B)False
23
Both nicotinic and muscarinic subtypes of receptors respond to acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter.
A)True
B)False
24
Sympathetic stimulation of the pacemaker region of the heart increases the heart rate.
A)True
B)False
25
In the gastrointestinal tract, activation of parasympathetic neurons increases the intensity of intestinal smooth muscle contractions and intestinal secretions.
A)True
B)False
26
Organs that lack dual innervation only receive sympathetic innervation.
A)True
B)False
27
Cholinergic receptors located on the membrane of target cells are divided into alpha and beta subtypes.
A)True
B)False
28
Nicotinic receptors are G-coupled receptors and muscarinic receptors are ligand-gated ion channels.
A)True
B)False
29
There are certain postganglionic autonomic axons that produce their effects through mechanisms that do not involve either norepinephrine (adrenergic) or acetylcholine (cholinergic) neurotransmitters.
A)True
B)False
30
Nitrous oxide is the gas that serves as a local tissue regulatory molecule and, perhaps, as a neurotransmitter causing the smooth muscle of blood vessels to relax in regions such as the brain, penis, stomach, small intestine, and elsewhere.
A)True
B)False
31
Most visceral organs receive dual innervation--stimulation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers.
A)True
B)False
32
During emergency situations, activation of the sympathetic nervous system ("flight-or-fight") will stimulate contraction of the circular muscles of the eye and the pupils will constrict.
A)True
B)False
33
An increase in sympathetic nerve stimulation to blood vessels causes vasoconstriction, whereas vasodilation of blood vessels is caused by an increase in parasympathetic nerve stimulation.
A)True
B)False
34
Cooling of the body can be accomplished by sweat glands in the trunk that secrete not only a watery sweat that readily evaporates, but that also secrete a chemical called bradykinin, that dilates surface blood vessels and cools by radiating heat.
A)True
B)False
35
The vagus nerve is a mixed nerve, containing both sensory and motor fibers.
A)True
B)False
36
Thermoregulation, the regulation of heat gain or loss by the body, is accomplished without the direct involvement of the parasympathetic nervous system.
A)True
B)False
37
Blushing, pallor, fainting, breaking out in a cold sweat, a racing heartbeat, and "butterflies in the stomach," are only some of the many visceral reactions that accompany emotional activation of the cerebellum region of the brain.
A)True
B)False





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