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An overview of air pollution in Europe.

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Glacial ice preserves a record of the earth's climate and atmosphere.

Alley, Richard, et al. 2002. "Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable changes." National Academy Press, Washington DC (2002).
A special report by the National Academy of Science.

Altabet, M A, et al., 2002. "The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2" Nature 10 January 2002, vol 415: 159-162.
Changes in nitrogen concentration in sediment cores from the Arabian Sea suggest a change in the rate release of nitrogen from the ocean during glacial periods.

Arendt, A. A., Echelmeyer, K. A., Harrison, W. D., Lingle, C. S. & Valentine, V. B. 2002. "Rapid wastage of Alaska glaciers and their contribution to rising sea level." Science, 297, 382 - 386, (2002).
Alaskan glaciers are melting twice as fast as previously thought.

Ashley, Steven. 2001. "A low-Pollution Engine." Scientific American 285(6): 90-95.
The homogeneous-charge compression-ignition engine (essentially a sophisticated diesel) may offer the best option for meeting exhaust emission standards.

Ayres, Robert U. 2001. "How Economists Have Misjudged Global Warming." World Watch 14(5): 12-25. The Bush administration rejected the Kyoto climate treaty because it believed reducing carbon dioxide emissions would hurt the economy.
This author argues that reducing pollution could help the economy prosper.

Baldasano, J.M., et al. 2003. "Air quality data from large cities" The Science of the Total Environment. 307 (1-3): 141-165.
Urban air quality has improved in many wealthy countries but gotten worse in much of the developing world.

Beardsley, T. 2000. "Dissecting a Hurricane," Scientific American 282(3):80-85.
Scientists fly into the eye of a hurricane to gain new insights into how they work.

Becker, L., Poreda, R. J., Hunt, A. G., Bunch, T. E. Rampino, M. Impact event at the Permian-Triassic boundary: evidence from extraterrestrial noble gases in fullerenes. Science, 291, 1530 - 1533, (2001).
More evidence that an asteroid impact may have caused mass extinction at the end of the Permian epoc.

Bentley, Charles R. 1997. "Rapid Sea-Level Rise Soon from West Antarctic Ice Sheet Collapse?" Science 275(5303):1077-1078.
A cautiously optimistic appraisal of the potential for global warming to cause rapid melting of Antarctic ice.

Berg, T, et al. 2001. "Atmospheric mercury species in the European Arctic: Measurements and modeling." Atmospheric Environment. 35(14): 2569-2582.
Traces how mercury moves from industrial areas into the arctic.

Berger, A. & Loutre, M. F. 2002. "An exceptionally long interglacial ahead?" Science, 297, 1287 - 1288 (2002).
We may be causing a permanent warm age.

Bindschadler, Robert A. and Charles R. Bently. 2002. "On Thin Ice?" Scientific American 287(6): 98-105.
How likely is it that the vast West Antarctic Ice Sheet may collapse?

Bolin, B. 1998. "The Kyoto negotiations on Climate Change: A Science Perspective." Science 279: 330-331.
What's the science behind the Kyoto Protocol?

Boubel, Richard W. et al. 1994. Fundamentals of Air Pollution erd ed.. Academic Press.
A textbook on air pollution: elements, sources, effects, measurement, monitoring, and meteorology.

Bower, J. 2000. "The Dark Side of Light," Audubon 102(2): 92-97.
Light pollution is a threat to wildlife and may affect human health as well.

Boyle, R. H. 1999. "Global Warming: You're Getting Warmer," Audubon 101(6): 80-87.
An interview with climatologist James Hansen.

Bremer, D.J., et al. 1996. "Effect of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Open-Top Chambers on Transpiration in a Tallgrass Prairie," Journal of Environmental Quality 25(4):691-701.
Field studies of plant responses to elevated CO₂ can give very different results than greenhouse experiments.

Brimblecombe, P. 1987. The Big Smoke: A History of Air Pollution in London since Medieval Times. London: Methuen Pub.
Air pollution isn't a new urban problem.

Castro, T. S. et al. 2001. "The influence of aerosols on photochemical smog in Mexico City" Atmospheric Environment 35 (10):1765-1772.
A study of air pollution in the world's biggest city. Also see article in this issue on the regional air quality impact of Mexico City.

Cerveny, R. S. & Coakley, K. J. 2002. "A weekly cycle in atmospheric carbon dioxide." Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 10.1029/2001GL013952 (2002).
Records at Mauna Loa Observatory show lower concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on weekends than during the week when cities have more traffic.

Charlson, R. J. 1994. "Sulfate Aerosol and Climatic Change," Scientific American 270(2); 48-55. Sulfur particles scatter light and cool the atmosphere.
Reducing air pollution could exacerbate global warming.

Chavez, F. P., Ryan, J., Lluch-Cota, S.E. & Ñiquen, M. 2003. "From anchovies to sardines and back: multidecadal change in the Pacific Ocean." Science, 299, 217 - 221, (2003).
Man's greedy take from the sea may not have caused the demise in the 1950s California's sardine-canning business. A natural, five-decade Pacific Ocean cycle may have been to blame.

Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources. 2000. Reconciling Observation of Global Temperature Change. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
A good presentation of the science behind global climate change.

Cooper, C. David, 1994. Air Pollution Control : A Design Approach. Waveland Press.
An overview of air pollution control engineering intended for professionals.

Darst, Robert G. 2001. Smokestack Diplomacy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
A fascinating look at international environmental politics.

Dauncey, Guy. 2001. Stormy Weather: 101 Solutions to Global Climate Change. Gabriola Island, B.C.: New Society Publishers.
Practical actions for individuals, communities, and nations to combat global climate change.

Davis, Devra. 2002. When Smoke Ran Like Water: Tales of Environmental Deception and the Battle against Pollution. Basic Books.
The author shows instances in which science has been manipulated for corporate gain and at the expense of citizens' health.

Dawn Pier, M. B.A. Zeeb, and K.J. Reimer. 2002. "Patterns of contamination among vascular plants exposed to local sources of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Canadian Arctic and Subarctic" The Science of the Total Environment. 297 (1-3) 215-227.
Persistent toxins are carried by long-distance transport to remote areas.

De Leo, G A. et al. 2001. "Carbon emissions: The economic benefits of the Kyoto Protocol". Nature 413, 478-479 (4 October 2001).
Concludes that if the costs in terms of damage to human health, material goods, agriculture and the environment caused by greenhouse gas emissions are included in the equation, the economic argument against Kyoto is untenable.

Dean, W. et al. 2003. "Progress in Global Lake Drilling Holds Potential for Global Change Research." Eos, 83, 90 - 91, (2003).
Cores from African lakebeds may reveal a million-year climate record.

Dickson, Bob, et al. 2002. "Rapid freshening of the deep North Atlantic Ocean over the past four decades." Nature 416: 832-837. Evidence suggests that deep ocean circulation in the North Atlantic has changed over the past four decades.
Is this evidence of global climate change?

Do, Y. S. et al. Role of Rhoderbacter sp. strain PS9, a purple non-sulfur photosynthetic bacterium isolated from an anaerobic swine waste lagoon, in odor remediation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 69, 1710 - 1720, (2003).
A purple bacterium could make pig farms smell sweeter.

Earth Island. 1997. "The World's Least-Polluting Cars," Earth Island Journal 12(2):27.
Britain's Ethical Consumer magazine rates autos for energy efficiency.

Elsom, Derek. 1996. Smog Alert: Managing Urban Air Quality. Covelo, CA: Island Press.
An overview of the problem of urban smog.

Environmental Protection Agency. 1996. "National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone and Particulate Matter," Federal Register 61(114):29719-29725.
Official standards for ambient ozone levels.

Epstein, Paul R. 2000. "Is Global Warming Harmful to Health?" Scientific American 283 (2): 50-57.
Suggests that infectious diseases will surge as the climate warms.

Esterbrook, Greg. 1994. "Forget PCB's, Radon, Alar: The World's Greatest Environmental Dangers are Dung Smoke and Dirty Water." The New York Times Magazine September 11, 1994 - 60-63.
Still valid after all these years.

Falkowski, Paul G. 2002. "The Ocean's Invisible Forest." Scientific American 287(2): 54-61.
Marine algae play a much larger role than previously thought in balancing the earth's climate, absorbing about as much carbon each year as all terrestrial plants.

Finney, B. P., Gregory-Eaves, I., Douglas, M.S.V. & Smol, J.P. 2002. "Fisheries productivity in the northeastern Pacific Ocean over the past 2,200 years". Nature, 416, 729 - 733.
Paleoecological studies show that fish stocks fluctuate widely over periods of centuries, apparently due to climate changes.

Flavin, Christopher. 1997. "Climate Change and Storm Damage: The Insurance Costs Keep Rising," World Watch Journal January/February 1997:10-11.
Insurance companies are quite worried about potential losses if global climate change brings more severe weather.

Florig, H.K. 1997. "China's Air Pollution Risks." Environmental Science and Technology 31(6): 276-279.
A good summary of air quality in China.

Freeman, C., Evans, C.D., Monteith, D.T., Reynolds, B.. & Fenner, N."Export of organic carbon from peat soils". Nature, 412, 785, (2001).
Oxidation of peat lands may be both a consequence and a cause of global warming.

Frischetti, Mark. 2001. "Drowning New Orleans." Scientific American 285(4): 76-85.
A major hurricane could swamp the city under 20 feet of water, killing thousands.

Fupgren, Arthur R. 1996. "Night Blindness," The Amicus Journal 17(4):22-24.
Light pollution interferes with astronomy and changes our experience of nature.

Ganopolski, A. & Rahmstorf, S. 2001. "Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model." Nature 409, 153 - 158 (2001). Suggests that the world's oceans may not have stopped circulating in glacial times, as has been thought. Instead, the site in the North Atlantic where cold, salty water sinks to the deep ocean may just have shifted slightly south.

Gelbspan, Ross. 1997. The Heat is On. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Criticizes fossil fuel and conservative politicians who confuse the public about global warming and the disruptive weather patterns that mark its initial stages.

Gibbs, W. Wayt. 1995. "The Treaty that Worked-Almost," Scientific American 273(3): 18-19.
Analysis of the ozone convention.

Gillett, N. P., Zwiers, F. W. , Weaver, A. J. & Stott, P. A. 20003. "Detection of human influence on sea-level pressure". Nature, 422, 292 - 294, (2003).
Climate-change predictions may be an underestimate.

Godish, Thad. 1995. Sick Buildings: Definition, Diagnosis, and Mitigation. Island Press.
A good discussion of indoor air problems.

Govindan, R. B. et al. 2002. "Global climate models violate scaling of the observed atmospheric variability." Physical Review Letters, 89, 28501, (2002).
Models simulating global climate don't capture fine-scale temperature variations.

Grimmond, C. S. B., King, T. S., Cropley, F. D., Nowak, D. J. & Souch, C. 2002. "Local-scale fluxes of CO2 in urban environments: Methodological challenges and results from Chicago". Environmental Pollution, 116, 243 - 254, (2002).
City centers emit CO2, but leafy suburbs actually absorb it.

Grubb, Michael. 2001. "Hold tight at The Hague" Climate Policy 1(1): 3-4,
See several other articles by Noble, Yamagata, Haites, Mastepanov, Begg, vrolijk, Sepledge, Cadena, et al summarizing the climate negotiations at the Hague.

Gupta, A. K. et al. 2003 "Abrupt changes in the Asian southwest monsoon during the Holocene and their links to the North Atlantic Ocean." Nature 421, 354-357 (2003)
A record of monsoon variability from sediments in the Arabian Sea, reveals that the several intervals of weak summer monsoons in the past 11,000 years coincided with cold periods documented in the North Atlantic region.

Hall, A. & Stouffer, R. J. 2001. "An abrupt climate event in a coupled ocean-atmosphere simulation without external forcing." Nature 409, 171 - 174 (2001).
A new model shows how the ocean's circulation could change over a 15,000-year period if the climate remained as it is today, that is, without any further human impacts.

Harris, Robert N. and David S. Chapman. 1997. "Borehole Temperatures and a Baseline for 20th-Century Global Warming Estimates," Science 275(5306):1618-1622. Deep wells provide a good record of climate over the past millennium.
This study suggests that recent global warming is greater than previously suspected.

Hay, S. I. et al. 2002. Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African Highlands. Nature, 415, 905 - 909, (2002).
Climate change can't explain the growth of malaria in the highlands of East Africa. Drawing simplistic links between global warming and local disease patterns could lead to mistaken policy decisions.

Hedin, Lars O and Gene E. Likens. 1996. "Atmospheric Dust and Acid Rain," Scientific American 275(6):88-92.
Alkaline dust is neutralizing atmospheric acids and reducing acidic precipitation.

Herzog, Howard, et al. 2000. "Capturing Greenhouse gases." Scientific American 282 (2): 72-89.
Discusses ways to collect CO₂ and bury it deep underground or in the ocean.

Hungate, B.A., et al. 1997. "Stimulation of Grassland Nitrogen Cycling Under Carbon Dioxide Enrichment," Oecologia 109(1):149-153.
CO₂ enhances plant growth but can cause stress in nitrogen-limited ecosystems.

Hurrell, J. W. "Decadal trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: regional temperatures and precipitation." Science, 269, 676 - 679, (1995).
Understanding climatic variations in the arctic could help researchers predict the effects of global warming.

Ilacqua, V. , et al. 2003. "The historical record of air pollution as defined by attic dust." Atmospheric Environment 37 (17): 2379-2389.
Analysis of pollutant accumulation in the arctic gives us a picture of historic emissions.

Jackson, RB, JL Banner, EG Jobbágy, WT, Pockman, DH Wall. 2002 "Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands," Nature 418:623-626.

Jacobs, S. S., Giulivi, C. F. & Mele, P. A. 2002. "Freshening of the Ross Sea during the late 20th century". Science, 297, 386 - 389, (2002).
Alaskan glaciers are melting faster than previously thought.

Jin Xu et al. 2002. "Measurement of aerosol chemical, physical and radiative properties in the Yangtze delta region of China" Atmospheric Environment 36(2): 161-173.
Air pollution is shown to have a significant impact on visibility, climate, crop production, and human health near Shanghai

Kaiho, K. et al. 2001. End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle. Geology, 29, 815 - 818, (2001).
Suggests that an asteroid impact killed 95 percent of all species at the end of the Permian.

Karl, T. R. and K. E. Trenberth. 1999. "The Human Impact of Climate," Scientific American 281(6): 100-105. (December 1999).
A good review of the current state of climate research.

Karl, Thomas R. et al. 1997. "The Coming Climate," Scientific American 276(5):78-83.
A cautious analysis of potential for severe weather and other climate extremes as a result of global warming.

Karliner, Joshua, et al. 1997. "The Barons of Bromide: The Corporate Forces Behind Toxic Poisoning and Ozone Depletion," The Ecologist 27(3): 90-98.
A biting critique of the bromine industry.

Keith, Lawrence H. and Mary M. Walker. 1995. Handbook of Air Toxics: Sampling, Analysis, and Properties. Lewis Publishers.
Detailed information on toxics and the laws that regulate them.

Khodri, M. et al. 2001. "Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation." Nature 410 (6828): 570-574.
Including ocean effects in global climate models helps explain the Milankovitch theory.

Knutti, Reto, et al. 2002. "Constraints on radiative forcing and future climate change from observations and climate model ensembles" Nature 416, 719-723 (18 April 2002).
New climate models suggest that there is a 40% probability that global temperatures will exceed the range predicted by the IPCC, but only a 5% probability that warming will fall below that range.

Koch, G.W. and H.A. Mooney, eds. 1996. Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Some ecosystems will flourish under CO₂ enrichment while others will be disturbed.

Koutavas, A., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Marchitto, T. M. Jr & Sachs, J. P. 2002. "El Niño-like pattern in ice age tropical Pacific sea surface temperature". Science, 297, 226 - 230, (2002).
During past ice ages, the tropical Pacific Ocean behaved rather as it does today in an El Niño event, bringing downpours to some places and drought to others.

Krol, M. C. et al. 2003. "Continuing emissions of methyl chloroform from Europe." Nature, 421, 131 - 135, (2003).
Surprise sources of ozone-depleting methyl chloroform found in Europe.

Krupa, Sagar V.1997. Air Pollution, People, and Plants: An Introduction. St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society.
Comprehensive coverage of the causes and effects of air pollution.

Kuik, O. J. et al. 2000. "The economic benefits to agriculture of a reduction of low-level ozone pollution in the Netherlands." European Review of Agricultural Economics.

Kump, Lee R. 2002. "Reducing uncertainty about carbon dioxide as a climate driver." Nature 419, 188 - 190 (2002); doi:10.1038/nature01087 Discusses ways to make climate prediction more accurate.

Langenfelds, R. L. et al. 2002. "Interannual growth rate variations of atmospheric CO2 and its d13C, H2, CH4, and CO between 1992 and 1999 linked to biomass burning." Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16, 1048, (2002).
Tropical forest fires in 1997 added as much carbon to the atmosphere as all living plants removed that year.

Lee, Shun Cheng, et al. 2002. "Investigation of indoor air quality at residential homes in Hong Kongcase study." Atmospheric Environment 36(2): 225-237.
Smoking, cooking, and other activities have negative impacts on indoor air.

Leggett, Jeremy. 2001. Carbon War: Global Warming and the end of the Oil Era. Routledge Press.
An activist describes the scientific, governmental, and business perspectives on global warming.

Lelieveld, J. et al. 2002. "Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean". Science, 298, 794 - 799, (2002).
Dirty air flows into the region from distant sources.

Leong, S. T., et al. 2002. "Influence of benzene emission from motorcycles on Bangkok air quality" Atmospheric Environment 36(4) 651-661.
Motorcycles and other two-stroke engines contribute a large amount of smog-producing chemicals to urban air in developing country cities.

Lindzen, R. S., Chou, M-D., Hou, A.Y. 2001. "Does the Earth have an adaptive infrared -iris?" Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82, 417 - 432 (2001).
Cloud effects may balance global warming.

Longstreth, J. D., et al. 1995. "Effects of Increased Solar Ultraviolet Radiation on Human Health," Ambio 24(3): 153-165.
Risks of eye diseases, cancer, and immune dysfunction from increased UV exposure are calculated.

Lovei. M. 1998. Phasing Out Lead from Gasoline: Worldwide Experience and Policy Implications. World Bank Technical Paper 397. Washington, DC.
Banning leaded gasoline is one of the most effective environmental regulations ever passed.

Lu, J. Y., Schroeder, W. H., Barrie, L. A. & Steffen, "Magnification of atmospheric mercury deposition to polar regions in springtime: the link to tropospheric ozone depletion chemistry." Geophysical Research Letters, 28, 3219 - 3222, (2001).
Chlorine and bromine compounds in Arctic air deplete atmospheric ozone and also trigger mercury deposition.

Luterbacher, Urs and Detlef f. Sprinz.2001. International Relations and Global Climate Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Conceptual, theoretical, and methodological approaches to dealing with global climate change.

Lynch, Colum. 1998. "Stormy Weather," The Amicus Journal 19(4):25-29.
Introduction to the international conference in Kyoto -- and the controversies.

Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Curry, W. B. & Slowey, N. Weaker Gulf Stream in the Florida Straits during the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature 402, 644 (1999).
Evidence suggests that during the last Ice Age, some 12,000 years ago, the deep-water current transported far less water than it does today and the sinking of dense water at the Poles may have stopped entirely

Manne, Alan S. and Richard G. Richels. 2001. "An alternative approach to establishing tradeoffs among greenhouse gases." Nature 410 (6829): 675-677.
A model is proposed for establishing equivalences between greenhouse gases for the purpose of emissions trading.

Marland, Gregg, Kristy Fruit and Roger Sedjo 2001. "Accounting for sequestered carbon: the question of permanence" Environmental Science and Policy 4(6): 259-268.
Suggests that emissions credits should be rented, not sold, to account for re-emission when forests are cut.

May, Jeffrey C. 2001. My House Is Killing Me! : The Home Guide for Families With Allergies and Asthma. Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
What to do about indoor air pollution.

Mayerhoff, P., et al. 2002. "Long-term, consistent scenarios of emissions, deposition, and climate change in Europe." Environmental Science and Policy 5 (4): 273-305.
An overview of air pollution in Europe.

Meharg, A. A. & Killham, K. 2003. "A pre-industrial source of dioxins and furans." Nature, 421, 909 - 910, (2003).
Modern industry is largely to blame for the dioxins but peat-burning fires in Scotland also released these carcinogenic chemicals.

Milly, P. C. D., et al. 2002. "Increasing risk of great floods in a changing climate." Nature 415, 514-517 (31 January 2002).
Records show that the frequency of floods with discharges exceeding 100-year levels increased substantially during the twentieth century, and models suggest the trend is likely to continue.

Missfeldt, Fanny and Erik Haites. 2001. "The potential contribution of sinks to meeting Kyoto Protocol commitments." Environmental Science and Policy 4(6): 269 - 292.
Analyses the potential contribution of sink enhancement activities to meeting commitments of industrialized countries in the Koto Protocol.

Moore, N. & Rojstaczer, S.2001. "Irrigation-induced rainfall and the Great Plains." Journal of Applied Meteorology, 40, 1297 - 1309, (2001).
Heavy irrigation in Texas is shifting normal rainfall patterns.

Moulin, C., et al. 1997. "Control of Atmospheric Export of Dust from North Africa by the North Atlantic Oscillation," Nature 386(691):
A report on transport of dust from North Africa across the ocean to North America.

Nagashima, T., et al. 2002. "Future development of the ozone layer calculated by a general circulation model with fully interactive chemistry." Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 31 - 34, (2002).
Japanese researchers say that the Antarctic ozone hole might disappear by 2040.

National Assessment Synthesis Team, U. S. Global Change Research Program. 2000. Climate Change Impacts on the United States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Interesting projections of the impacts of global climate change.

Nemitz, E., Hargreaves, K. J., McDonald, A. G., Dorsey, J. R. & Fowler, D. 2002. "Micrometeorological measurements of the urban heat budget and CO2 emissions on a city scale". Environmental Science and Technology, published online doi:10.1021/es010277e (2002).
Cars and home heating account for most urban CO₂.

O'Meara, Molly. 1997. "The Risks, and How We Will Manage Them," World Watch Journal 10(6):10-24.
A preview of the 1997 International meeting on global climate change in Kyoto, Japan.

Obasi, G.O.P. 1998. "The atmosphere: global commons to protect," Our Planet 7(5):5-8.
Describes the risks from climate change and ozone depletion, and how the World Meteorological Organization addresses the protection of the atmosphere.

O'Dowd, Colin D. et al. 2002. "Marine aerosol formation from biogenic iodine emissions." Nature 417, 632-636 (6 June 2002).
Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) released by marine phytoplankton has been thought to be the main source of cloud-forming aerosols, but iodine, also emitted by marine organisms may also play a role in global cooling.

Okuda, T., et al. 2002. "Source identification of Malaysian atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nearby forest fires using molecular and isotopic compositions" Atmospheric Environment 36(4): 611-618.
Chemical signals can identify the source of smoke from forest fires.

Oren, R. et al. "Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO2-enriched atmosphere." Nature 411, 469-472 (2001).
Evidence that forests may not act as sinks for excess atmospheric carbon.

Ou, H.-W.2001. "Possible bounds on the Earth's surface temperature: from the perspective of a conceptual global-mean model". Journal of Climate, 14, 2976 - 2988, (2001).
The Earth's climate may depend less on the Sun than we might think.

Page, S. E. et al. 2002. "The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997". Nature, 420, 61 - 65, (2002).
Fires release millions of tons of carbon into the atmosphere.

Palmer, T. N. & J. Räisänen. 2002. "Quantifying the risk of extreme seasonal precipitation events in a changing climate." Nature 415, 512-514 (31 January 2002).
Models suggest a fivefold increase in excessive rainfall, over parts of the British Isles over the next 100 years and similar increases for the Asian monsoon region-with serious implications for flood-prone areas in Bangladesh.

Parson, Edward A. and Owen Greene. 1995. "The Complex chemistry of International Ozone Agreements," Environment 37(2): 16-20.
A discussion of the Montreal Protocol.

Paterson, W. S. B & Niels Reeh. 2001 "Thinning of the ice sheet in northwest Greenland over the past forty years," Nature 414, 60-62 (1 November 2001).
The northwest part of the Greenland ice sheet is thinning more rapidly than previously suspected.

Pearson, P. N. et al. 2001. "Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs" Nature 413, 481-487 (4 October 2001)
A paradox in palaeoclimatology has been the apparent existence of a cool sea surface in the tropics under conditions of high CO2 in the atmosphere. New evidence suggests that the tropics were warmer during glacial periods than previously thought.

Peterson, A.T. et al. 2002. "Future projections for Mexican faunas under global climate change scenarios". Nature, 416, 626 - 629, (2002).
Computer models suggest that Climate change will rearrange wildlife and tat many areas may have radically different inhabitants within 50 years.

Peterson, T.C., et al. 1999. "Global Rural Temperature Trends: Geophysical Research Letters 26: 329-332.
Rural measurements show global warming more accurately than urban stations.

Picaut, J., et al. 1996. "Mechanism of the Zonal Displacements of the Pacific Warm Pool: Implications for ENSO," Science 274(5292):1486-1489.
What forcing factors drive El Nino?

Potter, C., et al. 2001. "Biomass burning losses of carbon estimated from ecosystem modeling and satellite data analysis for the Brazilian Amazon region." Atmospheric Environment. 35 (10): 1773-1781.

Prokopenko, Alexander A., et al.2002. "Muted climate variations in continental Siberia during the mid-Pleistocene epoch." Nature 418, 65-68 (2002).
The sediment record from Lake Baikal suggests that the climate change between glacial and interglacial 480,000 to 380,000 years ago was milder than the more recent glacial-interglacial transition of 100,000 to 10,000 years ago.

Putkonen, J. & Roe, G. 2003. "Rain-on-snow events impact soil temperatures and affect ungulate survival." Geophysical Research Letters, 30, 1188, (2003).
Climate change could starve ungulates and their herders.

Rabl, A and N. Eyre. 1999. "Damages and costs of air pollution: An analysis of uncertainties. Environment International 25(1): 29-46.
What are the effects of air pollution?

Rawn, Dorothea F.K., et al. 2001. "Historical contamination of Yukon Lake sediments by PCBs and organochlorine pesticides: influence of local sources and watershed characteristics" The Science of the Total Environment 280(1-3): 17-37.
Analysis of sediment cores from eight lakes in the Yukon and British Columbia point to long-range air transport as the source of DDT and PCBs in water and fish.

Reay, D.2001. "New directions: my own private Kyoto". Atmospheric Environment, 35, 4887 - 4888, (2001).
Individual actions can help reduce global warming.

Reich, Peter B. et al. 2001. "Plant diversity enhances ecosystem responses to elevated CO₂ and nitrogen deposition." Nature 410: 809-810.
In grassland field experiments, plots with greater plant diversity had greater biomass accumulation in response to nitrogen fertilization and doubled CO₂ levels than plots with fewer species.

Retallack, Simon. 1997. "God Protect Us from Those Who 'Protect the Skies'," The Ecologist 27(5):188-191.
The Montreal Protocol, initially hailed as a landmark in environmental protection, emerged as an agreement "as ridden with holes as the ozone layer it was designed to protect."

Richey, J. E., et al. 2002. "Outgassing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source of atmospheric CO2." Nature, 416, 617 - 620, (2002).
The rivers and wetlands of South America's Amazon rainforest breathe out as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere each year as the dry regions of the forest absorb.

Rodhe, H. et al. 1997. "Svante Arrhenius and the Greenhouse Effect," Ambio 26(1):1-4 The lead article in a special issue commemorating the 100-year anniversary of the publication of Svante Arrhenius' landmark paper on the greenhouse effect.

Roig, Fidel A. et al. 2001. "Climate variability 50,000 years ago in mid-latitude Chile reconstructed from tree rings." Nature 410 (6828): 567-570.
A tree ring chronology for a 1,229 year period developed from fossil stumps of Fitzroya cupressoides buried in coastal sediments shows that the climate 50,000 years ago was not dissimilar from today.

Romm, Joseph. J. 1999. Cool Companies: How the Best businesses Boost Profits and Productivity by Cutting Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Covelo, CA:Island Press.
Examples of companies that save money and increase productivity by reducing greenhouse gases.

Root, T.L., et al. 2003. "Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants." Nature 421, 57 - 60 (2003); Meta-analysis of 143 studies reveals a consistent temperature-related shift, or "global warming fingerprint", in species ranging from molluscs to mammals and from grasses to trees.

Sagarin, R. & Micheli, F. 2001. "Climate Change in Nontraditional Data Sets". Science, 294, 811, (2001).
Amateur observations of seasonal changes are helpful in documenting climate changes.

Schimel, D. S., et al., "Recent patterns and mechanisms of carbon exchange by terrestrial ecosystems. Nature 414, 169-172 (8 November 2001).
A new synthesis of recent information on continental and global patterns of terrestrial ecosystem carbon exchange confirms that the terrestrial biosphere was a carbon sink in the 1990s

Schlesinger, W. & Lichter, J. Limited carbon storage in soil and litter of experimental forest plots under increased atmospheric CO2. Nature 411, 466-469 (2001).
Evidence that forests may not act as sinks for excess atmospheric carbon.

Schneider, David. 1997. "The Rising Seas," Scientific American 276(3):112-117.
What is the likelihood that rapid movement of Antarctic ice sheets will cause catastrophic sea-level rises?

Schneider, Stephen, et al. (eds) 2002. Climate Change Policy: A Survey. Island Press.
A group of distinguished scientists analyze climate science and policy.

Shinn, E. A. et al. "African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs." Geophysical Research Letters 27, 3029 - 3032 (2000).
Global warming may be damaging Caribbean coral reefs by causing the Sahara desert to expand.

Smith, Gar. 1997. "Oil Spills in the Sky," Earth Island Journal 12(3):34-35.
Jetliners destroy the ozone shield and vent climate-changing contrails.

Smith, K. R. 2000. "National "Burden of disease in India from Indoor Air Pollution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97(24):13286-13293.
A rare study of the disease burden in a developing country.

Social Learning Group. 2001. Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks: Volume 1, A Comparative History of Social Responses to Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Rain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
A look at how ideas, interests, and institutions affect environmental management.

Sparks, T., Roy, D. & Mason, C. 2000. Essex Naturalist, 17, 31 - 37, (2000).
Amateur records show that many natural events now occur earlier across much of the northern hemisphere than they did 20 years ago.

Spengler, John D. et al (eds). 2000. Indoor Air Quality Handbook.. McGraw-Hill Co.
A professional handbook with lots of useful information.

Steiger, S. M., Orville, R. E. & Huffines, G. "Cloud-to-Ground lightning characteristics over Houston, Texas: 1989-2000". Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres, 107, Published online doi:10.1029/2001JD001142 (2002).
Hot, dirty air over big cities triggers lightning.

Stott, L., Poulsen, C., Lund, S. & Thunell, R. 2002. "Super ENSO and global climate oscillations at millennial time scales". Science, 297, 222 - 226, (2002).
During past ice ages, the tropical Pacific Ocean behaved rather as it does today in an El Niño event

Stott, Peter A., et al. 2000. "External Control of 20^th Century Temperature: Natural and Anthropogenic Forcings." Science 290: 2133-2137.
A comparison of two major climate models shows that humans are playing a significant role in global warming.

The Social Learning Group. 2001. Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks: Volume 1, A Comparative History of Social Responses to Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Rain. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
A look at how ideas, interests, and institutions affect environmental management.

Thornton, Joe. 2000. Pandora's Poison: Chlorine, Health, and a new Environmental Strategy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chlorine is used in a wide variety of industrial products but its environmental and health drawbacks are serious.

Travis, D. J., Carleton, A. M & Lauritsen, R. G. 2002. "Contrails reduce daily temperature range." Nature, 418, 601, (2002).
The 2001 air-traffic moratorium opened window on contrails and climate.

Upgren, Artur and Jurgen Stock. 2001. Weather: How It Works and Why It Maters. Freeman.
A popular description of weather and climate.

Warner, Cecil F. et al. 1997. Air Pollution: Its Origin and Control. Addison-Wesley Co.
An introduction to the field of air pollution for scientists and engineers.

Watson, Robert T., et al., eds. 1997. The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment of Vulnerability. London: Cambridge University Press.
This is the summary document of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group on the risks of global warming.

Wenzel, Tom. 2001. "Reducing emissions from in-use vehicles: an evaluation of the Phoenix inspection and maintenance program using test results and independent emissions measurements" Environmental Science & Policy, Vol. 4 (6) (2001) pp. 359 - 376.
Remote sensing suggests less benefit from this program than official data.

Wilson, Richard and John Spengler. 1996. Particles in Our Air: Concentrations and Health Effects. Covelo, CA: Island Press.
A useful overview of the health effects of aerosols.

Yli-Tuomi, T. et al. 2003. "Composition of the Finnish Arctic aerosol: collection and analysis of historic filter samples." Atmospheric Environment 37 (17): 2355-2364.
Analysis of pollutant accumulation in the arctic gives us a picture of historic emissions.

Zwiers, F. W. and A. J. Weaver. 2000. "The Causes of 20^th Century Warming." Science 290: 2081-2083.
Considers evidence that that humans are playing a significant role in global warming.