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1 | |
Scientists and administrators are often challenged by the best way in which to manage a natural resource. The phrase, "nature's natural administrative unit," refers to a _______ because it has natural boundaries and the actions in one area affect organisms in another area. |
| | A) | watershed |
| | B) | salmon habitat |
| | C) | river |
| | D) | lake |
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2 | |
In the Columbia River Watershed, water flows _______ from its headwaters in the mountains to the _______ . |
| | A) | east; Pacific Ocean |
| | B) | east; Gulf of Mexico |
| | C) | west; Pacific Ocean |
| | D) | south; Pacific Ocean |
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3 | |
In the Columbia River Basin, the Continental Divide is the eastern boundary of the watershed, and "minidivides" separate the Columbia River System from _______ to the north and south. |
| | A) | mountains ranges |
| | B) | rivers |
| | C) | watersheds |
| | D) | mining operations |
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4 | |
Although the Endangered Species Act limits the "taking," or harvesting, of a federally listed endangered species, certain groups are legally permitted to net Pacific salmon. Which of the following groups are permitted to net salmon on the Columbia River? |
| | A) | Eskimo |
| | B) | Native Americans |
| | C) | Asian Americans |
| | D) | Potato Farmers |
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5 | |
Although the exact reason for the decrease in salmon populations is unknown, natural weather cycles over the Pacific Ocean, such as _______ account for some variation in the ocean temperatures. |
| | A) | El Niño |
| | B) | monsoons |
| | C) | hurricanes |
| | D) | deep sea volcanic activity |
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6 | |
Natural resource-based activities, such as forestry, farming, and fishing are called _______ economic activities because they are the most basic level of human activity. |
| | A) | secondary |
| | B) | primal |
| | C) | aboriginal |
| | D) | primary |
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7 | |
Pacific salmon need clean clear gravel beds in which to lay their eggs. _______ from forest clear cutting may clog the gravel beds and reduce survival of young fish. |
| | A) | Logs |
| | B) | Silt |
| | C) | Pesticides |
| | D) | All of the above |
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8 | |
In the natural world, salmon swim from the ocean upstream to get to their native headwaters to spawn. In the Umatilla Watershed, how do fish currently get upstream? |
| | A) | by helicopter |
| | B) | by jumping over dams |
| | C) | salmon do not currently get upstream in the Umatilla Watershed |
| | D) | by truck |
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9 | |
The destiny of many American natural resources is often influenced by activities in other nations. Water from the Umatilla River naturally flows south to north but is diverted at the Westlands Diversion Dam for the purpose of producing _______ for Asian and other nations. |
| | A) | rice |
| | B) | sushi |
| | C) | French fry potatoes |
| | D) | wood |
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10 | |
Scientists often use satellite images to gain information regarding land use activities. What are the circular patterns that appear on the satellite images of the Umatilla River Basin? |
| | A) | circular irrigation farms |
| | B) | crop circles |
| | C) | salmon pens |
| | D) | horse-racing tracks |
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11 | |
In the Pacific Northwest, water is a valuable commodity and a competitive resource. Umatilla River water generates _______ of agricultural crops. |
| | A) | >$1 Billion |
| | B) | $100 Million |
| | C) | $100,000 |
| | D) | $1 Million |
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12 | |
The vegetation of an area is influenced by its climate. The sections of the Umatilla Watershed that receive the least amount of precipitation are part of a grassland biome referred to as a _______. |
| | A) | tundra |
| | B) | taiga |
| | C) | high chaparral |
| | D) | steppe |
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13 | |
By using water from the Umatilla River, the town of Echo has transformed its natural vegetation of _______ to deciduous trees and shrubs. |
| | A) | coniferous trees |
| | B) | sagebrush and scrub |
| | C) | cactus |
| | D) | all of the above |
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14 | |
Umatilla Native Americans are threatening legal action against the Umatilla Watershed farmers and government in order to regain _______. |
| | A) | navigation rights |
| | B) | original tribal lands |
| | C) | fishing rights |
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15 | |
In 1855, the Umatilla tribes signed a treaty that formed the Umatilla Reservation in the headwaters of the watershed. In this treaty the tribes agreed to reduce their territory in exchange for keeping their ________ on all previously owned lands. |
| | A) | ancestral homes |
| | B) | hunting rights |
| | C) | fishing rights |
| | D) | b and c are correct |
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16 | |
In the competition over the destiny of Umatilla water, the 1855 Umatilla tribe's fishing rights are senior to the ________ built in the 192os. |
| | A) | irrigation dams |
| | B) | deep wells |
| | C) | aquaculture pens |
| | D) | sediment dikes |
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17 | |
The long lakes formed by hydroelectric dams threaten salmon smolts because the lake water may become too _______ and carry less _______. |
| | A) | cold; nutrients |
| | B) | silty; carbon dioxide |
| | C) | warm; oxygen |
| | D) | polluted; silt |
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18 | |
In the Umatilla Watershed, farmers need water for irrigation and salmon need water to swim upstream. In order to meet the water demand, farmers and tribes have found an alternative: pumping water from _______. |
| | A) | the Snake River |
| | B) | local aquifers |
| | C) | the Columbia River |
| | D) | hydroelectric lakes |
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19 | |
In the Columbia River Basin, competition over water is influenced by manufacturing. The largest manufacturing sector in the Pacific Northwest is _______. |
| | A) | petroleum refining |
| | B) | forest products |
| | C) | high technology |
| | D) | chemical manufacturing |
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20 | |
Due to differences in physical geography, climate, median income, and electricity distribution, the Pacific Northwest is divided into two sections: _______ and _______. |
| | A) | Oregon; Washington |
| | B) | Northern Mountains; Western Desert |
| | C) | Northern Rainforest; Southern Scrubland |
| | D) | West Coast; Western Mountains |
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21 | |
Orographic precipitation creates different vegetative regions on the west and east side of the mountains. In the Cascade Mountains, orographic precipitation creates a _________ on the west side of the mountains and a _______ just 200 miles to the east. |
| | A) | rainforest; near desert |
| | B) | near desert; rainforest |
| | C) | swamp; rain cloud |
| | D) | taiga forest; veldt |
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22 | |
In orographic precipitation, a parcel of moisture-laden air moves up one side of a mountain and down the other side. What happens to the parcel of air when it reaches dew point? |
| | A) | it rains |
| | B) | it snows |
| | C) | the cloud vaporizes |
| | D) | fog is created |
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23 | |
Due to orographic precipitation in the Cascade Mountains, the elevation at which rain stops on the eastern side of the mountain is ________ than the elevation of where the rain began. |
| | A) | higher |
| | B) | lower |
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24 | |
Which area of the Cascade Mountains is referred to as a "rain shadow?" |
| | A) | sea level |
| | B) | the snow-capped mountain peak |
| | C) | the arid east |
| | D) | the rainforest |
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25 | |
Due to the effects of the rain shadow, the area referred to as the "Western Mountains" is characterized by _______ precipitation, _______ population, and primary economic activity. |
| | A) | low; high |
| | B) | low; low |
| | C) | high; high |
| | D) | high; low |
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26 | |
The current workforce of the Pacific Northwest is changing from manufacturing to high technology. This high-tech industry workforce is generally well educated and shares a common interest in protecting _______. |
| | A) | their jobs |
| | B) | their natural environment |
| | C) | NAFTA |
| | D) | the migrant workforce |
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27 | |
The Snake River merges with the Columbia River and is an important salmon river in the Pacific Northwest. The return of salmon to the Snake River may depend on _______. |
| | A) | a ban on clear cutting |
| | B) | rerouting of irrigation canals |
| | C) | an increase in aquaculture |
| | D) | the removal of four hydroelectric dams |
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28 | |
The Pacific Coast region is often referred to as _______ because many of its well-educated high tech workforce work aggressively to preserve the environment. |
| | A) | dinotopia |
| | B) | Silicon Valley |
| | C) | ecotopia |
| | D) | Napa Valley |
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