| Instructional alternative | Any teaching approach that can be used to facilitate student learning and satisfaction.
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| Presentation | Informative talk a more knowledgeable person makes to less knowledgeable persons.
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| Team teaching | Teachers collaborate and jointly teach a group of students.
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| Expository teaching (direct instruction) | Occurs when teachers present information and direction to students. Teacher-centered, goal-oriented, structured approach to teaching.
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| Set induction | Planning an introductory activity that will capture students' attention, help them see the purpose and value of what is to be learned, and relate what they are to learn to that which they already know.
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| Advance organizers | Procedures teachers use to prepare learners to better receive and understand new information. For example, a teacher can connect new information with information students already possess.
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| Discussion | Occurs when students, or students and a teacher, converse back and forth to share information, ideas, or opinions, or to resolve a problem.
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| Recitation | Students are given information to study independently and then recite what they have learned when the teacher questions them.
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| Independent study | Any school-related assignment done more or less alone by students.
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| Valence and challenge arousal | Ability to engender students with curiosity and enthusiasm and get them involved in independent work.
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| Withitness | The ability of a teacher to communicate to students that he or she is aware of student behavior throughout the classroom at all times, even when the teacher is not nearby or looking directly at the students.
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| Overlapping | Teacher's ability to attend to more than one classroom activity or episode at a time.
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| Individualized instruction | Instruction that attempts to tailor teaching and learning to a learner's unique strengths and needs.
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| Individualized instruction | Instruction that attempts to tailor teaching and learning to a learner's unique strengths and needs.
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| Contracts | Written agreements students and teachers enter into that describe the academic work the student is to accomplish at a particular level in a particular period of time.
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| Non-graded (ungraded) school | One in which students complete a grade level's work at their own pace. Some may do so in less than the standard year's time and are moved to the next level of work accordingly.
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| Tutoring | Form of individualization whereby either a teacher or a fellow student provides a learner or small group of learners with special help.
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| Online schools | Also called electronic, virtual, or cyber schools. They provide online learning both for homeschooled students and students in attendance at neighborhood schools.
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| Self-directed learning | When students are permitted to set their own learning goals and means of attaining them.
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