| Cooperative learning | Learners work together in small groups and are usually rewarded for their collective accomplishments.
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| Discovery learning | Learning that occurs when students derive their own meaning from experiences and experiments.
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| Set induction | Planning an introductory activity that will capture students' attention, help them see the purpose and value of what is to be learned, and relate what they are to learn to that which they already know.
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| Constructivism | An approach that asserts that for learners to gain deep understanding, they must actively come to know (construct) knowledge for themselves.
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| Direct teaching or instruction (expository teaching) | Teachers control instruction by presenting information, giving directions to the class, and using criticism; associated with teacher-centered, teacher-controlled classrooms; an instructional procedure for teaching content in the most efficient, straightforward way.
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| Research-based direct teaching or instruction | The sequence of events followed by teachers who are more effective in bringing about student learning.
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| Teacher centrality | Characteristic of direct instruction whereby teachers exert strong instructional direction and control.
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| Task orientation | Characteristic of direct instruction that places the primary emphasis on academic learning.
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| Positive expectations | The desire effective teachers show for the academic progress and success of each student.
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| Student cooperation and accountability | In direct instruction, holding students accountable for their academic work and for assisting each other and sharing materials.
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| Nonnegative affect | A manner teachers have that ensures that learners feel psychologically safe and secure.
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| Established structure | The class rules and routines that effective teachers establish and enforce.
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| Basic practice | Teaching method employing much supervised student practice and teacher provision of corrective feedback.
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| Active teaching | Instructional method containing five instructional phases: the opening, development, independent work, homework, and review.
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