| developed | A classification for all industrialized nations, which are the most technically developed
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| developing | A classification for the world's lower-income nations, which are less technically developed
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| discretionary income | The amount of income left after paying taxes and making essential purchases
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| gross national income (GNI) | The total value of all income generated by a nation's residents from international and domestic activity
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| human-needs approach | View that defines economic development as a reduction of poverty and unemployment as well as an increase in income
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| import substitution | The local production of goods to replace imports
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| income distribution | A measure of how a nation's income is apportioned among its people, commonly reported as the percentage of income received by population quintiles
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| newly industrialized economies (NIEs) | The fast-growing upper-middle-income and high-income economies of South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore
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| newly industrializing countries (NICs) | The four Asian tigers and the middle-income economies such as Brazil, Mexico, Malaysia, Chile, and Thailand
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| population density | A measure of the number of inhabitants per area unit (inhabitants per square kilometer or square mile)
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| population distribution | A measure of how the inhabitants are distributed over a nation's area
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| promotional mix | A blend of the promotional methods a firm uses to sell its products
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| purchasing power parity (PPP) | The number of units of a currency required to buy the same amounts of goods and services in the domestic market that one dollar would buy in the United States
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| rural-to-urban shift | The movement of a nation's population from rural areas to cities
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| underground economy | The part of a nation's income that, because of unreporting or underreporting, is not measured by official statistics
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| unit labor costs | Total direct labor costs divided by units produced
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| vertically integrated | Descriptive term for a firm that produces inputs for its subsequent manufacturing processes
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