| 8.1 | When and how do emotions develop, and how do babies show them? |
| 8.2 | How do infants show temperamental differences, and how enduring are those differences? |
| 8.3 | How do infants gain trust in their world and form attachments, and how do infants and caregivers "read" each other's nonverbal signals? |
| 8.4 | When and how does the sense of self arise and how do toddlers develop autonomy and standards for socially acceptable behavior? |
| 8.5 | When and how do gender differences appear? |
| 8.6 | How do infants and toddlers interact with siblings and other children? |
| 8.7 | How do parental employment and early child care affect infants' and toddlers' development? |
