Chapter Outline

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES IN PSYCHOLOGY
Scientific Attitudes
Gathering Evidence: Steps in the Scientific Process
Two Approaches to Understanding Behaviour
Defining and Measuring Variables

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN RESEARCH
Ethical Standards in Human Research
Ethical Standards in Animal Research

METHODS OF RESEARCH
Descriptive Research: Recording Events
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Should You Trust Internet and Popular Media Surveys?
Correlational Research: Measuring Associations between Events
RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Seasonal Affective Disorder
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Does Eating Ice Cream Cause People to Drown?
Experiments: Examining Cause and Effect
Qualitative Research

THREATS TO THE VALIDITY OF RESEARCH
Confounding of Variables
Demand Characteristics
Placebo Effects
Experimenter Expectancy Effects
Replicating and Generalizing the Findings
BENEATH THE SURFACE Science, Psychics and the Paranormal

ANALYSING AND INTERPRETING DATA
Being a Smart Consumer of Statistics
Using Statistics to Describe Data
Using Statistics to Make Inferences
Meta-analysis: Combining the Results of Many Studies

CRITICAL THINKING IN SCIENCE AND EVERYDAY LIFE
APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Evaluating Claims in Research and Everyday Life