Chapter Outline

ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT
Learning as Personal Adaptation
Habituation and Sensitization

CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: ASSOCIATING ONE STIMULUS WITH ANOTHER
Pavlov’s Pioneering Research
Basic Principles
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Why Did Michelle’s Car Phobia Persist?
Applications of Classical Conditioning
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Was the ‘Little Albert’ Study Ethical?

OPERANT CONDITIONING: LEARNING THROUGH CONSEQUENCES
Thorndike’s Law of Effect
Skinner’s Analysis of Operant Conditioning
Antecedent Conditions: Identifying When to Respond
Consequences: Determining How to Respond
BENEATH THE SURFACE Spare the Rod and Spoil the Child?
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Can You Explain the ‘Supermarket Tantrum’?
Shaping and Chaining: Taking One Step at a Time
Generalization and Discrimination
Schedules of Reinforcement
Escape and Avoidance Conditioning
Applications of Operant Conditioning
APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Using Operant Principles to Modify Your Behaviour

CHALLENGES TO BEHAVIOURISM
Biological Constraints: Evolution and Preparedness
Cognition and Conditioning

OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING: WHEN OTHERS SHOW THE WAY
Bandura’s Social-Cognitive Theory
Applications of Observational Learning
RESEARCH CLOSE-UP Using Social-Cognitive Theory to Prevent AIDS: A National Experiment

THE ADAPTIVE BRAIN
Learning through connections
Where does learning happen in the brain?