What's New

Changes to Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships 8/ed. by Enger and Smith

Chapter 1 Environmental Interrelationships

1. Expanded coverage of the Northwest Atlantic harp seal hunting controversy
2. New Environmental Close-up on Headwaters Forrest controversy in California
3. New Environmental Close-up on Illegal Trading in Rare or Disappearing Species

Chapter 2 Environmental Ethics

1. Redone Environmental Close-up -- A Corporate Perspective
2. Redone Environmental Close-up on Chico Mendes and Extractive Reserves
3. Expanded coverage on environmental justice
4. Expanded coverage on Antarctica as a resource or refuge

New Chapter 3 (old 16) Risk and Cost: Elements of Decision Making

1. New Global Perspective -- Wombats and the Australian Stock Exchange
2. Expanded coverage on market based instruments
3. New coverage of emission fees, taxes and charges in China, the Netherlands, southeast Asia and the United States
4. Expanded coverage of subsidies in China, France and the US
5. Expanded coverage of sustainable development

New Chapter 4 (Old 3) Interrelated Scientific Principles

1. New part opener emphasizes interrelationships theme
2. Scientific method discussion revised to include the concept of asking questions
3. Rewording of section on organically grown foods at the end of the section "Limitations of Science" that deals with objections from some reviewers.
4. New Table 4.1 that lists the words used to describe various sub-units of matter and how they are related to one another
5. Discussion on acids and pH modified to include more detailed discussion of pH
6. Section on "Kinds of Matter" moved so that it precedes section on "States of Matter"
7. New section on latent heat and sensible heat added at end of "States of Matter"
8. New wording added to section on laws of thermodynamics to include the concept of entropy. Also wording modified to remove phrase "useless heat"
9. New Issues and Analysis: Energy Efficiency, Air Pollution and Hybrid Automobiles
10. New opening concept map
11. Figure 4.1 modified to include Ask Questions and Develop Theory. Caption revised as well
12. New Figure 4.3 which shows the pH scale
13. Minor modifications to Fig 4.6 (old 3.5) photosynthesis to include the idea that water is absorbed by roots
14. Fig 4.9 (old 3.7) modified to add words about the amount of kinetic energy in water, ice and water vapor

Chapter 5 (old 4) Interactions: Environment and Organisms

1. Section on Environment substantially rewritten
2. Section on Habitat and Niche substantially rewritten; more clearly distinguishes niche from environment and responds to reviewer concerns about accuracy.
3. Section on The Role of Natural Selection and Evolution completely rewritten. Peppered moth example deleted. New section on Evolutionary Patterns added. New section on coevolution added. Many new examples added in this section
4. Section Kinds of Organisms Interactions completely rewritten to respond to reviewer suggestions, clarify muddy sections, add new examples. Yucca moth/Yucca example replaced with ants and Acacia tree example. Section on competitive exclusion principle added.
5. Former Environmental Close-up entitled "Name that Relationship" has been rewritten and titled "Some Relationships are Difficult to Categorize" and inserted at the end of the "Kinds of Organism Interactions" section.
6. Environmental Close-up "Human Interaction -- A Different Look" has been substantially rewritten to respond to reviewer comments.
7. "Major Roles in Ecosystems" rewritten to more carefully define terms and reduce term density
8. New section on Keystone Species added at end of "Major Roles in Ecosystems"
9. New introduction written for "Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems"
10. Carbon Cycle substantially rewritten to respond to comments about role of photosynthesis, respiration, fossil fuels
11. Nitrogen Cycle substantially rewritten to more clearly identify the various compounds in which nitrogen is found, the role of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, and to compare the nitrogen and carbon cycles.
12. Phosphorus Cycle modified to include geologic uplift of rocks and guano deposits
13. Global Perspective on Human Impact on Nutrient Cycles received major revision and is now included as a subhead under Nutrient Cycles.
14. Environmental Close-up Habitat Conservation Plans: Tool or Token? Substantially rewritten to tie more closely to the content of the chapter.
15. Environmental Close-up "Contaminants in Great Lakes Fish" has been re-titled "Contaminants in the Food Chain of Fish from the Great Lakes" in order to more clearly identify the box with the content of the chapter. Also includes a new introductory paragraph and other modifications to tie more clearly to food chain concept.
16. Issues and Analysis: "Reintroducing Wolves to Yellowstone" has been re-titled "Reintroducing Wolves to the Yellowstone Ecosystem" to highlight connection to ecosystem discussion in chapter. Also updated information added.
17. Environmental Close-up "Colorado River Restoration" deleted.
18. New Figure 5.1 presents conceptual levels used to discuss ecological topics
19. Caption of Fig 5.3 modified to change statement on dessication
20. Caption of Fig 5.4 modified to clarify definition of niche and habitat
21. Fig 4.6 on peppered moth dropped
22. New Fig 5.11 on nest parasitism (photo from old Name That Relationship box)
23. Fig 5.12 (old 4.12) modified to include decomposers and to more clearly identify concepts by placing labels in more appropriate places.
24. Fig 5.15 Carbon Cycle modified to more clearly distinguish plant photosynthesis and plant respiration.
25. Minor changes to word placement on Fig 5.16 Nitrogen cycle
26. Minor changes to position of elements in Fig 5.17 Phosphorus Cycle
27. New Fig 5.18 Nutrient Impact on Aquatic Organisms added. Illustration from old Human Impact on Nutrient Cycles box. Illustration modified to show Mississippi River drainage

New Chapter 6 (Old 5) Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities

1. Deleted Issues and Analysis--Restoring Ecosystems
2. New Issues and Analysis--Protecting Old Growth Temperate Rainforests

Converted from a Global Perspective

1. Environmental Close-up The Changing Nature of the Climax Concept incorporated into the text at the end of the section on Succession
2. Section on Altitude and Latitude renamed "The Effect of Elevation on Climate and Vegetation" and moved to an earlier position in the text
3. Two Global Perspectives on Tropical Rainforests combined into one and retitled Tropical Rainforests: A Special Case?
4. Figure 6.5 modified to more accurately reflect secondary succession in Eastern US

New Chapter 7 (old 6) Population Principles

1. Modified Figure 7.1 to make easier to understand
2. Updated wolf/moose box
3. Section on Ultimate Size Limitation completely rewritten
4. Other minor modifications.

New Chapter 8 (old 7) Human Population Issues

1. Updated throughout
2. Chapter organization completely revised
3. Global Perspective -- Canadian population and Issues and Analysis -- Mexican Population combined into one Global Perspective---North America -- Population Comparisons
4. Added material on breast feeding and birth spacing
5. AIDS box modified into an issues and analysis
6. Added material on total fertility rate throughout
7. China global perspective incorporated into text
8. Material on India added since it is now over 1 billion people
9. Section on population growth and standard of living completely rewritten
10. Global perspective Population and poverty--a vicious cycle incorporated into text
11. Old figure 7.2 deleted and old 7.3 (new 8.3) altered to incorporate ideas from 7.2

New Chapter 9 (old 8) Energy and Civilization: Patterns of Consumption

1. New table-World Total Energy Consumption
2. New table-International Petroleum Supply and Demand
3. Expanded coverage on OPEC
4. Expanded coverage on energy development in China
5. New global perspective-Potential World Petroleum Resources
6. New table --Potential World Petroleum Resources
7. New environmental closeup -- Hybrid Vehicles

New Chapter 10 (old 9) Energy Sources

1. Updated and expanded coverage of the rise in oil prices
2. Expanded coverage of hydroelectric power
3. Updated Three Gorges Dam project in China
4. New coverage on wind energy
5. Expanded coverage of solar energy
6. New section on Biomass Conversion Techologies
7. Expanded coverage of energy conservation
8. Expanded coverage of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and oil exploration
9. Updates on all energy tables and figures

New Chapter 11 (old 10) Nuclear Energy: Benefits and Risks

1. New section -- Plans for New Reactors Worldwide
2. New table -- Nuclear Power Reactors Worldwide _1999-2000
3. Tables are all updated

New Chapter 12 (Old 11) Human Impact on Resources and Ecosystems

1. Major rewrite
2. Reduced material on mineral
3. Reorganized material on forests, rangelands, wildlife and aquatic systems and provided subheads to allow students to more easily follow the organization.
4. Deleted material on speciation. It is present in a previous chapter.
5. Updated where possible
6. Significant changes in Environmental close-ups dealing with Northern Spotted Owl and California Condor
7. New issues and analysis dealing with the use of fire as a management tool
8. New figure on technology and impact on Earth
9. Old Issues and Analysis on Costa Rica moved to Chapter 2

New Chapter 13 (old 12) Land-use Planning

1. Totally rewritten
2. New section on principles of land-use planning
3. New section on factors that cause urban sprawl
4. Expanded section on the problems associated with unplanned growth
5. Objectives reduced in number
6. New figure on flooding
7. New terms introduced--infrastructure, brownfields, brownfields development, urban growth limit
8. New section on redevelopment of inner city areas
9. Reorganized section on federal land use issues -- added 1872 mining law
10. Data in global perspective on urbanization up-dated

New Chapter 14 (old 13) Soil and Its Uses

1. Changed definition of Crust to more accurately fit current usage; include lithosphere as term in text.
2. Weathering was covered in two different places. These were consolidated into the section on geologic processes.
3. Improved organization of section on soil formation. All material on organism effects consolidated.
4. There is now a separate paragraph that deals with pH in the section on soil properties.
5. Increased coverage of the importance of weather conditions on soil formation.
6. Section on soil profiles extensively rewritten to include more recent soil profile terminology. A section on tropical soils was added in this section.
7. Reorganized section on soil conservation practices to flow more logically.
8. Retitled conservation tillage to Conventional vs Conservation Tillage and elevated to an A head to distinguish it from soil erosion prevention activities. Also distinguished between conventional, reduced, and various methods of conservation tillage according to most currently terminology.
9. New table 14.2 lists fuel and time required for several kinds of tillage systems.
10. Many minor changes were made based on reviewer comments.

New Chapter 15 (old 14) Agricultural Methods and Pest Management

1. Several titles were changed to better reflect the content of the section.
2. The term biological amplification was changed to biomagnification, which is currently the most commonly used term.
3. Added material on the World Wildlife Fund's attempts to ban DDT worldwide and the concerns of health officials that a ban would lead to an increase in the number of malaria cases.
4. The recovery of population of bald eagles, brown pelicans, cormorants, and ospreys is discussed in the context of the DDT ban in the United States.
5. Introduced the topics of precision agriculture and genetically modified crops and the controversy involved in genetically modified crops.

New Chapter 16 (old 15) Water Management

1. Deleted box on New Optimism for the New River
2. Modified box on Everglades and changed the title to reflect current situation.
3. New figure 16.2 on areas of the world with water shortages
4. Section on the processes used to treat drinking water added.
5. Several changes to the section on groundwater made at suggestion of reviewers
6. Section on Kinds and Sources of Water Pollution reorganized and material on fecal coliform bacteria and the Clean Water Action Plan added.
7. Updated current status of the Garrison Diversion Unit

Chapter 17 Air Pollution

1. Major rewrite of entire chapter
2. Eliminated box on1990 Clean Air Act, rewrote it and inserted it into text
3. New section on addressing climate change
4. New table on technologies to address global warming
5. New table on major greenhouse gases
6. New figure on CO2 concentrations
7. Expanded coverage on the interrelationship between improper land use and airborne particles
8. Expanded coverage on transoceanic transport of air pollution
9. Expanded coverage on the effects of global warming
10. Expanded coverage on the relationship between global warming and human health
11. Expanded coverage on sea levels and global warming
12. Expanded coverage on global implications of climate change

Chapter 18 Solid Waste Management and Disposal

1. New section on composting
2. New section on source reduction
3. Expanded coverage on recycling
4. New table on recycling composite prices
5. Expanded coverage on landfills

Chapter 19 Regulating Hazardous Materials

1. Expanded coverage on defining hazardous waste
2. Expanded coverage on amounts of hazardous waste generated internationally
3. New Environmental Close-up on Computers: A Hazardous Waste
4. Expanded coverage on pollution prevention
5. Expanded coverage on the issue of exportation of hazardous wastes
6. New section on the international trade in hazardous waste
7. New section on hazardous waste program evolution internationally

Chapter 20 Environmental Policy and Decision Making

1. New section on the changing nature of environmental policy
2. New coverage on the cyanide pollution in Romania of the Danube River
3. New case study of the Montreal Protocol
4. Expanded coverage on sustainable development
5. New section on international instruments and agreements to address environmental concerns
6. Expanded coverage on the issue of environmental security