Fill in the Blanks


1		Two famous studies by Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish in 1946 challenged Hull's S-R model by showing that animals learn a(n) in order to obtain food.


2		Alternative path studies supported view of learning.


3		A(n) is a mental representation of event contingencies.


4		Dickinson used the to demonstrate his notion of behavior-reinforcer expectancies.


5		refers to the control of responding by habit rather than by expectancy.


6		is the expectation that events are uncontrollable.


7		According to the attributional model of learned helplessness, a is the belief that internal characteristics cause a failure.


8		Abramson, Metalsky, and Alloy (1989) have further revised Seligman's model by adding , an expectation that desired outcomes will not occur.


9		In addition to hopelessness and helplessness, a explanatory style is also causally related to depression.


10		According to Bandura, two classes of expectations maintain phobias: expectancy and expectancy.

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