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A is generally a large molecule that is composed of many subunits. |
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The two primary functions of the digestive system are and . |
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Interacting neurons in the (2 words) form the swallowing center which regulates the muscle contractions needed for swallowing. |
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4 | |
Local regulation of the gastrointestinal tract is carried out by the nervous system and paracrine regulators. |
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The layer of the gastrointestinal wall is lined with columnar epithelium and supported underneath by the lamina propria. |
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The enzyme found in saliva that catalyze the partial digestion of starch is called (2 words), or ptyalin. |
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7 | |
After mixing with the gastric secretions, ingested food becomes a pasty material known as . |
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The cells of the stomach are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid and the (hyphenated word) cells are responsible for secreting histamine. |
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9 | |
Protein digestion starts in the stomach when is secreted by chief cells. |
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10 | |
The cells of the gastric glands deep in the stomach mucosa secrete the hormone somatostatin. |
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In the small intestine, the most proximal region of is known as the while the middle two-fifths is called the and the most distal three-fifths is the . |
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12 | |
The tiny, fingerlike projections formed by the foldings of the epithelial cell membrane that can only be seen using an electron microscope are the . |
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The enzyme, , is found in the brush border of the small intestine and is required for activating trypsin, the protein-digesting enzyme from the pancreas. |
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The contractions mix the chyme in the small intestine and the contractions move the chyme through the small intestine. |
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Another name for the large intestine is the . |
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The outer surface of the large intestine normally bulges outward to form pouches called . |
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The elimination of wastes from the gastrointestinal tract is called . |
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18 | |
The is an outpocketing of the cecum that when inflamed produces a condition known as . |
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19 | |
are part of the reticuloendothelial system that are found in the sinusoids of the liver. |
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20 | |
Located within each hepatic plate are thin channels called (2 words) because they serve to transport the bile that is synthesized and secreted by the hepatocytes. |
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21 | |
The metabolism of hemoglobinby the liver, spleen, and bone marrow produces that can be conjugagted and secreted into the bile. |
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22 | |
The liver converts ammonia, which is very toxic to cells, to , which is less toxic and that can be secreted into the blood and then excreted by the kidneys in the urine. |
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23 | |
During fasting or times when blood glucose levels fall unusually low, the liver can breakdown and release glucose from stored glycogen molecules, a process called and also synthesize glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors by a process called . |
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24 | |
The liver synthesizes many plasma proteins, of these is produced in the greatest amounts and generates most of the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. |
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25 | |
The endocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the and the exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of the . |
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26 | |
In 1902, the compound was discovered as the first chemical regulator in the gastrointestinal tract and later announced as the first body hormone. |
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27 | |
The (2 words) is the parasympathetic nerve most involved in the neural activation and modulation of the digestive system during the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases of gastric regulation. |
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28 | |
The and phases of deglutition cannot be stopped once started. |
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29 | |
Production of HCl by the parietal cells requires primary active transport and uses pumps. |
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30 | |
stimulates the intestinal epithelial cells to secrete Cl- and water while inhibiting Na+ absorption. |
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31 | |
The hormone secreted by the duodenum in response to a fall in duodenal pH below 4.5 and that will subsequently stimulate the production of bicarbonate by the pancreas is . |
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32 | |
In the process of , bile salt micelles are secreted into the duodenum and act to break up the fat drops in the chyme into tiny droplets of triglycerides, in preparation for digestion. |
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33 | |
After absorption of lipids, the triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol molecules are then combined with protein inside the epithelial cells to form small particles called . |
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34 | |
Excessively high rates of red blood cell destruction may cause due to the excessively high concentrations of bilirubin in the blood. |
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35 | |
Inhibiting the function of would prevent the proper activation of trypsin. |
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