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1
A kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories and can also be written as 1 kCal, or 1 "big C."
A)True
B)False
2
A person with hyperthyroidism would be expected to have an abnormally high BMR.
A)True
B)False
3
A higher than normal BMR in certain obese people may be due to inherited genetic.
A)True
B)False
4
When the intake of carbohydrates, protein, or fat exceeds the energy output, the excess calories are stored in the body primarily as fat.
A)True
B)False
5
Weight loss can be achieved by dieting alone or in combination with an exercise program to raise the metabolic rate.
A)True
B)False
6
Anabolic and catabolic reactions cannot occur simultaneously within the body.
A)True
B)False
7
Since fat can be made from excess carbohydrates, only a small amount of fat is necessary in the diet to supply essential fatty acids and adequate fat-soluble vitamins.
A)True
B)False
8
There are more essential fatty acids required by the body than there are essential amino acids required by the body.
A)True
B)False
9
Vitamin C is required for collagen synthesis.
A)True
B)False
10
There are a number of major minerals that are essential in the diet, however none of the trace elements are considered essential because they are found in such small quantities in the body.
A)True
B)False
11
Antioxidants include reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species.
A)True
B)False
12
Resting skeletal muscle use glucose as a preferred energy source.
A)True
B)False
13
Hyperphagia results from destruction of the ventromedial area of the hypothalamus
A)True
B)False
14
The postabsorptive state occurs between meals and generally refers to the fasting state.
A)True
B)False
15
Glucagon, epinephrine, and glucocorticoids are all catabolic hormones that stimulate the break down larger energy reserves into simpler circulating substrates.
A)True
B)False
16
In the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, the alpha and beta cells act as both the sensors and effectors in the regulation of plasma glucose levels.
A)True
B)False
17
During the absorption of a carbohydrate meal, stimulation of the alpha cells causes the secretion of glucagon which acts to lower blood glucose levels by promoting its uptake by the tissues.
A)True
B)False
18
Leptin, released from adipose cells may play a role in the development of insulin resistance.
A)True
B)False
19
The oral glucose tolerance test is a clinical procedure that challenges the ability of the beta cells to secrete insulin in response to a ingestion of a high glucose load.
A)True
B)False
20
Ingestion of meals high in proteins and low in carbohydrates stimulates the secretion of both insulin and glucagon from the pancreas.
A)True
B)False
21
The overall effect of insulin is to lower blood glucose and amino acid levels by promoting their cellular uptake and incorporation into glycogen and proteins, respectively.
A)True
B)False
22
One catabolic effect of glucagon lipolysis in adipose cells following a meal.
A)True
B)False
23
There is a maximum of about 100 g of stored glycogen in the skeletal muscles, whereas the liver can store approximately 375-400 g of glycogen.
A)True
B)False
24
Glycogen stores in liver and skeletal muscle are "limited" in that once these stores are filled, continued ingestion of excess calories will increase the production of fat.
A)True
B)False
25
During prolonged fasting or exercise, gluconeogenesis promotes the synthesis of new glucose molecules from noncarbohydrate substrates, such as certain amino acids and pyruvic acid molecules.
A)True
B)False
26
Cholecystokinin increases during fasting and stimulates hunger.glucose.
A)True
B)False
27
Insulin is active primarily in the absorptive state, whereas glucagon is most active in the postabsorptive state.
A)True
B)False
28
Type I diabetes is also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and occurs in about 10% of the patients with diabetes in this country.
A)True
B)False
29
Type II diabetes mellitus, also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is commonly associated with obesity.
A)True
B)False
30
Type I diabetics may actually secrete normal or slightly elevated amounts of insulin from the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans.
A)True
B)False
31
Obesity seems to increase the sensitivity of target cells to insulin, increasing the efficiency of glucose uptake by tissue cells.
A)True
B)False
32
People with type II diabetes do not usually develop ketoacidosis; but are at risk of blindness, kidney failure, and amputation of the lower extremities due to prolonged exposure to high blood glucose levels and to related circulatory problems.
A)True
B)False
33
Hyperglycemia, and possibly a coma, can result in a patient with type I diabetes that injects himself/herself with an overdose of insulin.
A)True
B)False
34
The metabolic effects of epinephrine on its target cells are similar to those of insulin.
A)True
B)False
35
Both glucagon and epinephrine stimulate glycogenolysis, with release of glucose from the liver, as well as lipolysis, with release of fatty acids from adipose cells.
A)True
B)False
36
Epinephrine and glucagon have similar mechanisms of action. Both use diacyl glycerol as second messengers in their target cells.
A)True
B)False
37
Prolonged fasting or exercise stimulates the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary, which, in turn, stimulates an increase in the secretion of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex.
A)True
B)False
38
Brown adipose tissue contains β2-adrenergic receptors.
A)True
B)False
39
Thyroxine (by way of its conversion to T3 in the cytoplasm) inhibits the rate of cell respiration in almost all cells in the body.
A)True
B)False
40
Blood levels of growth hormone fluctuate each day and night cycle (circadian), with the highest GH levels reached when the person is awake during the day.
A)True
B)False
41
Growth hormone has both anabolic (protein synthesis) and catabolic (fat breakdown) effects that are remarkably similar to the effects of both insulin and glucagon on their respective target cells.
A)True
B)False
42
The growth-promoting effects of growth hormone on the skeleton seem to be mediated by the somatomedins from the liver, such as insulin-like growth factors (IGF-1 and IGF-2). Somatomedins stimulate the cartilage chondrocytes to divide and secrete more matrix.
A)True
B)False
43
An inadequate secretion of growth hormone during the growing years results in dwarfism.
A)True
B)False
44
An individual with a fewer than normal growth hormone receptors would be classified as a Laron dwarf.
A)True
B)False
45
During the life of an individual the osteoclasts serve to synthesize bone at the same time the osteoblasts work to resorb bone.
A)True
B)False
46
Following menopause, the decreased estrogen leads to increased numbers of osteoclasts.
A)True
B)False
47
The hormones most involved in the endocrine regulation of calcium and phosphate balance are parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and calcitonin.
A)True
B)False
48
Parathyroid hormone is released when the plasma Ca2+ levels rise, stimulating the activity of osteoblast cells in bone.
A)True
B)False
49
Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands results hypercalcemia.
A)True
B)False
50
Vitamin D3 is as a prehormone which must be chemically changed in order to become biologically active.
A)True
B)False
51
The primary function of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is to raise the blood levels of calcium and phosphate, by promoting both their absorption in the intestine and their reabsorption from the filtrate in the kidney nephrons.
A)True
B)False
52
Hypercalcemia can be decreased by the combined actions of both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
A)True
B)False





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