Chapter Outline

LANGUAGE
Adaptive Functions of Language
Properties of Language
The Structure of Language
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Discerning Surface and Deep Structures of Language
Understanding and Producing Language
RESEARCH CLOSE-UP The Role of Context in Reading: Evidence from Reading Times
Acquiring a First Language
Bilingualism
BENEATH THE SURFACE Learning a Second Language: Is Earlier Better?
Linguistic Influences on Thinking

THINKING
Thought, Brain and Mind
Concepts and Propositions
Reasoning
Problem Solving and Decision Making
APPLYING PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE Guidelines for Creative Problem Solving
Knowledge, Expertise and Wisdom
Mental Imagery
Metacognition: Knowing Your Own Cognitive Abilities
RESEARCH CLOSE-UP ‘Why Did I Get That Wrong?’
Improving College Students’ Awareness of Whether They Understand Text Material