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| 1 | |
"Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes." This means that psychologists are interested in: |
| | A) | changing the behavior of mental patients. |
| | B) | studying the observable behavior of the average person. |
| | C) | measuring people's thoughts, feelings, perceptions, reasoning processes, memories, and biological activities. |
| | D) | describing, predicting, and explaining behavior and mental processes. |
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| 2 | |
Dr. Morris focuses on higher mental processes, such as thinking, reasoning problem solving, and decision-making. She is a(n) ___________ psychologist. |
| | A) | physiological |
| | B) | cognitive |
| | C) | clinical |
| | D) | social |
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| 3 | |
Dr. Han studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others. She is a(n) _______________ psychologist. |
| | A) | physiological |
| | B) | cognitive |
| | C) | clinical |
| | D) | social |
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| 4 | |
____________ psychology focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another. |
| | A) | Developmental |
| | B) | Counseling |
| | C) | Personality |
| | D) | Evolutionary |
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| 5 | |
Predictions in the field of psychology state that by the year 2010: |
| | A) | women will outnumber men. |
| | B) | men will outnumber women. |
| | C) | the number of men and women will be approximately equal. |
| | D) | women will decrease in number. |
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| 6 | |
The rapidly growing area in psychology that seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits and how our environment influences whether we actually display such traits is: |
| | A) | health psychology |
| | B) | behavioral genetics |
| | C) | clinical neuropsychology |
| | D) | evolutional psychology |
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| 7 | |
Psychology would benefit most from the entrance of more _______ psychologists into the field. |
| | A) | male |
| | B) | female |
| | C) | minority |
| | D) | Caucasian |
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| 8 | |
The underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities among psychologists is significant for which of the following reasons? |
| | A) | The field of psychology is diminished by the diverse perspectives and talents of the minority-group members. |
| | B) | Their underrepresentation may deter other minority-group members from entering the field. |
| | C) | The rarity of minority psychologists can discourage some members of minority groups from seeking treatment. |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 9 | |
The PsyD: |
| | A) | is a research degree that requires a dissertation based on original investigation. |
| | B) | is obtained by psychologists who wish to focus on treatment of psychological disorders. |
| | C) | is earned by physicians who specialize in the treatment of psychological disorders |
| | D) | is earned after two or three years of graduate work. |
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| 10 | |
The majority of students in an undergraduate psychology program: |
| | A) | usually become counselors. |
| | B) | head for graduate school in psychology. |
| | C) | join the workforce after graduation. |
| | D) | plan on dealing with people with psychological disorders. |
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| 11 | |
Dr. Kuljurgis treated her patients by chipping a hole in her patients’ skulls with a crude instrument to allow evil spirits to escape from their bodies. This procedure is called: |
| | A) | trephining. |
| | B) | phrenology. |
| | C) | introspection. |
| | D) | scalp massage therapy. |
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| 12 | |
Elena went to a doctor to seek relief from certain personality problems. Her doctor, Dr. Kiefer, started to feel for bumps on her head to determine her personality characteristics. Dr. Kiefer was practicing: |
| | A) | trephining. |
| | B) | phrenology. |
| | C) | introspection. |
| | D) | scalp massage therapy. |
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| 13 | |
The formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline is generally considered to have occurred when: |
| | A) | Aristotle wrote a book containing many of the psychological principles found in this text. |
| | B) | John Locke suggested that people are born with a mind which is a blank slate upon which experience will determine their behavior. |
| | C) | Rene Descartes proposed that some knowledge was inborn in humans. |
| | D) | Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental laboratory devoted to psychological phenomena. |
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| 14 | |
Mel participated in a psychological study where he was asked to look at a bright orange ball and then describe in detail what he was experiencing. This procedure is called: |
| | A) | trephining. |
| | B) | phrenology. |
| | C) | introspection. |
| | D) | stream of consciousness. |
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| 15 | |
"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" would be said by a psychologist from which psychological perspective? |
| | A) | structuralism |
| | B) | functionalism |
| | C) | Gestalt psychology |
| | D) | behaviorism |
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| 16 | |
Leta Stetter Hollingsworth: |
| | A) | did important work on animal behavior. |
| | B) | was one of the first psychologists to focus on child development and on women's issues. |
| | C) | studied memory and was the first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association. |
| | D) | spearheaded the study of personality traits and became the first woman to head a psychology department at a state university. |
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| 17 | |
Dr. Matta discussed with his client slips of the tongue and the content of his client's dreams to determine what his client was truly feeling. Dr. Matta subscribes to the _________ perspective in psychology. |
| | A) | psychodynamic |
| | B) | behavioral |
| | C) | cognitive |
| | D) | humanistic |
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| 18 | |
Dr. Park is studying how people take in information, transform it, store it, and retrieve it. She is investigating: |
| | A) | intrapsychic conflict. |
| | B) | classical conditioning. |
| | C) | self-actualization. |
| | D) | information processing. |
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| 19 | |
People will strive to reach their full potential if they are given the opportunity according to the: |
| | A) | behavioral perspective |
| | B) | humanistic perspective |
| | C) | psychodynamic perspective |
| | D) | cognitive perspective |
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| 20 | |
If you consider the opposing viewpoints on each major issue in psychology as opposite ends of a continuum, the positions of individual psychologists typically fall somewhere between the two ends. Which of the following best exemplifies this concept? |
| | A) | A developmental psychologist, whose focus is on how people grow and change throughout the course of their lives, is most interested in learning more about hereditary influences. |
| | B) | A social psychologist, who is a proponent of the behavioral perspective, looks for environmental influences in explaining social behavior. |
| | C) | A neuropsychologist is interested in determining the roles that both heredity and environment play in developing more connections (dendrification) between cells in the brain. |
| | D) | A Gestalt psychologist uses introspection to study perception rather than behavioral observation. |
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| 21 | |
A humanistic psychologist is most likely to take an extreme rather than a combination position on which of the following issues? |
| | A) | free will versus determinism |
| | B) | conscious versus unconscious causes of behavior |
| | C) | individual differences versus universal principles |
| | D) | nature versus nurture |
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| 22 | |
Some psychologists specializing in psychological disorders argue that people make intentional choices and that even those who display so-called abnormal behavior should be considered responsible for their actions. Other psychologists disagree and contend that such individuals are the victims of forces beyond their control. The position psychologists take on this issue may determine how they choose to treat abnormal behavior. Such decisions are influenced by the issue of: |
| | A) | individual differences versus universal principles. |
| | B) | conscious versus unconscious causes of behavior. |
| | C) | nature versus nurture. |
| | D) | observable behavior versus internal mental processes. |
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| 23 | |
How our nervous system operates is an example of: |
| | A) | conscious causes of behavior. |
| | B) | universal principles. |
| | C) | individual differences. |
| | D) | internal mental processes. |
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| 24 | |
The following trend seems likely to occur regarding psychology's future: |
| | A) | Psychology will become increasingly specialized and new perspectives will evolve. |
| | B) | The evolving sophistication of neuroscientific approaches is likely to have an increasing influence over other branches of psychology. |
| | C) | Psychology's influence on issues of public interest will grow. |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 25 | |
All of the following are steps in the scientific method except: |
| | A) | identifying questions of interest. |
| | B) | exploring explanations for everyday behavior. |
| | C) | gathering public opinion. |
| | D) | developing a theory to explain observed phenomena. |
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| 26 | |
Psychologists identify questions to be researched from: |
| | A) | everyday observations. |
| | B) | previous research. |
| | C) | curiosity, creativity, or insight. |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 27 | |
Theories and hypotheses allow psychologists to: |
| | A) | make sense of unorganized, separate observations and bits of information. |
| | B) | place pieces within a structured and coherent framework. |
| | C) | pose appropriate questions. |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 28 | |
A hypothesis: |
| | A) | is a prediction stated in a way that allows it to be tested. |
| | B) | stems from a theory. |
| | C) | is defined in operational terms. |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 29 | |
Dr. Seymour was walking down a country trail when he observed a mother robin ignoring her chirping offspring in the nest. He immediately thought that the mother robin was ignoring her brood because she was deaf. This last statement is an example of: |
| | A) | an observation. |
| | B) | an hypothesis. |
| | C) | a theory. |
| | D) | an untestable research question. |
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| 30 | |
Research: |
| | A) | is a systematic inquiry aimed at the discovery of new knowledge. |
| | B) | is the central ingredient of the scientific method in psychology. |
| | C) | provides a key to understanding the degree to which hypotheses are accurate. |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 31 | |
If you spend some time watching people in the checkout line of a local discount store to see how many read the tabloid newspapers displayed next to the register, you have chosen the __________ research method to answer your question. |
| | A) | experimental |
| | B) | naturalistic observation |
| | C) | survey |
| | D) | case study |
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| 32 | |
As a researcher, Dr. Morillo wanted to use a relatively inexpensive way to test his hypothesis. Therefore, he examined existing data such as census documents, college records, and newspaper clippings. This type of research is known as: |
| | A) | naturalistic observation. |
| | B) | case study. |
| | C) | archival research. |
| | D) | correlational research. |
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| 33 | |
The only way psychologists can establish cause-and-effect relationships through research is by carrying out a(an): |
| | A) | observational study that records the actual behavior of real people in real-life situations. |
| | B) | survey study that asks people to explain why they behave the way they do. |
| | C) | experiment that demonstrates the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. |
| | D) | case study that focuses intensively on individual behavior. |
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| 34 | |
Dr. Harris discovers that there is a -.89 correlation between stress and sexual performance. This demonstrates: |
| | A) | a weak correlation. |
| | B) | a strong correlation. |
| | C) | no correlation. |
| | D) | None of these |
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| 35 | |
Dr. Calvo wanted to investigate students' problem-solving abilities. He designed a study in which he presented an easy problem, a moderately difficult problem, and a very difficult problem. He measured how long it took students to complete each problem. He hypothesized that students would take less time to solve the easier problem and more time to solve the moderately difficult problem and even more time to solve the very difficult problem. The level of problem difficulty is: |
| | A) | the dependent variable. |
| | B) | the independent variable. |
| | C) | an operational definition. |
| | D) | the control condition. |
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| 36 | |
Psychologists are expected to adhere to a strict set of ethical guidelines aimed at protecting participants. Which of the following would you be unlikely to find in the APA guidelines? |
| | A) | Protect participants from physical and mental harm. |
| | B) | Participation in research should be completely voluntary. |
| | C) | Participants should be informed about the nature of procedures prior to their participation in the experiment. |
| | D) | Researchers should pay subjects for their time. |
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| 37 | |
Anna participated in a psychological experiment. Following her participation in the experiment, she must be given a debriefing in which she: |
| | A) | receives an explanation for the study and the procedures involved. |
| | B) | is deceived about the true nature of the experimental manipulation. |
| | C) | is asked to participate in future studies. |
| | D) | signs brief consent forms. |
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| 38 | |
Dr. Delia expected that runners who drank her nutrition drink would be faster in the 100-meter dash than those sprinters who did not. When she timed the racers, she would stop the watch when she anticipated that one of her nutrition racers was about to cross the line. When one of the non-nutrition racers crossed the line, she waited until he or she completely crossed the line before stopping the watch. Dr. Delia unintentionally created __________ in her study. |
| | A) | experimental bias |
| | B) | participant expectations |
| | C) | a placebo effect |
| | D) | experimenter debriefings |
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| 39 | |
Dr. Compulsa was a meticulous researcher. In order to make sure that her assistants did not give any hints regarding which participants were in which treatment groups and to make sure her participants did not know which group they were in, she employed a: |
| | A) | placebo effect. |
| | B) | computer simulated study. |
| | C) | single blind procedure. |
| | D) | double blind procedure. |
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| 40 | |
Researchers who use nonhuman animals in experiments: |
| | A) | must worry about ethical standards. |
| | B) | must make every effort to minimize discomfort in experimental procedures. |
| | C) | are required to promote the psychological well-being of some species such as primates. |
| | D) | All of these |
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