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investigates the psychological factors related to wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems. |
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is people's response to events that threaten or challenge them, whereas are circumstances or events that produce threats to our well-being. |
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are strong stressors that occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously. include major life events such as the death of a parent or spouse, the loss of one's job, a major personal failure, or even something positive such as getting married. Finally, are the minor irritations in life that we all face time and time again. |
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are the minor positive events that make us feel good—even if only temporarily. |
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Selye's GAS theory suggests that a person's reaction to a stressor consists of three stages: , , and . |
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In , people try to manage their emotions in the face of the stress, seeking to change the way they feel about or perceive a problem. |
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People that survive a significantly stressful event that has long-lasting effects may develop . |
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Actual medical problems that are influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties is called , and was once referred to as psychosomatic disorders. |
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People of all ages report more physical symptoms and depression when they perceive that they have little or no control (a condition known as ) than when they feel a sense of control over a situation. |
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In , a person may use wishful thinking to reduce stress. |
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people display more hostility than people, and are competitive and driven. |
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behavior is linked to coronary heart disease caused by insecurity, anxiety, and negative outlook, which put individuals at risk for repeated heart attacks. |
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Although the processes involved in the spread of cancer are basically physiological in nature, accumulating evidence suggests that the of cancer patients to their disease may have a critical effect on its course. |
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States after . |
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is the greatest preventable cause of death in the United States; one in five U.S. deaths is caused by it. |
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Patients may practice , in which they adjust a treatment prescribed by a physician, relying on their own medical judgment and experience. |
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Patients' degree of with their medical care is linked to how well and how accurately physicians are able to convey the nature of their medical problems and treatment. |
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Cultural values and expectations also contribute to between patients and their physicians. |
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suggest that a change in behavior will lead to a gain, emphasizing the benefits of carrying out a health-related behavior. |
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Negatively framed messages (bad things can happen if you do not …) are best for producing behavior that will lead to the of a disease. |
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is people's evaluations of their lives in terms of both their thoughts and their emotions, that is, the measure of how happy people are. |
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An explanation for why the level of subjective well-being is so stable is that people have a general for happiness, a marker that establishes the tone for one's life. |
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