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| 1 | |
The branch of psychology that focuses on the study of higher mental processes is: |
| | A) | evolutionary psychology. |
| | B) | existential psychology. |
| | C) | gestalt psychology. |
| | D) | cognitive psychology. |
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| 2 | |
Cognitive psychology centers on the following major topics, except: |
| | A) | thinking and reasoning. |
| | B) | learning. |
| | C) | problem solving and creativity. |
| | D) | language. |
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| 3 | |
Mental images: |
| | A) | are just visual representations in our head. |
| | B) | do not have many of the properties of the actual stimuli they represent. |
| | C) | are representations in the mind of an object or event. |
| | D) | cannot be manipulated or rotated. |
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| 4 | |
Concepts are categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties. By employing concepts, we are able to: |
| | A) | organize complex phenomena into simpler, more easily usable, cognitive categories. |
| | B) | classify newly encountered objects on the basis of our past experience. |
| | C) | influence behavior. |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 5 | |
Which of the following would most likely be selected as a prototype of a chair? |
| | A) | dining room chair |
| | B) | rocking chair |
| | C) | recliner |
| | D) | wheelchair |
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| 6 | |
You may think that it is colder if you see several low electronic thermometer readings on your way to work than if you took a different route that did not provide this information and you had to make your judgment based on how cold it felt to you. Your judgment is affected by the visual feedback you are receiving from the thermometers according to the: |
| | A) | representational heuristic. |
| | B) | algebraic heuristic. |
| | C) | availability heuristic. |
| | D) | algebraic algorithm. |
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| 7 | |
If a problem is a familiar one, people are likely to spend considerably less time in the __________ stage. |
| | A) | preparation |
| | B) | production |
| | C) | evaluation |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 8 | |
Lisa loves to play Scrabble. Scrabble requires her to rearrange or recombine tiles in a way that will satisfy the rules of the game. This is an example of a(n): |
| | A) | transformation problem. |
| | B) | arrangements problem. |
| | C) | problem of inducing structure. |
| | D) | ill-defined problem. |
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| 9 | |
The most basic level of problem solving is: |
| | A) | framing the problem. |
| | B) | trial and error. |
| | C) | syllogistic reasoning. |
| | D) | heuristics. |
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| 10 | |
The most frequently applied heuristic in problem solving is a(n) _________, which involves repeated tests for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists. |
| | A) | availability heuristic |
| | B) | representativeness heuristic |
| | C) | means-ends analysis |
| | D) | framing |
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| 11 | |
Darryl was not able to solve a relatively simple problem because he could not "think outside the box." This is an example of: |
| | A) | mental set. |
| | B) | functional fixedness. |
| | C) | retarded imagination. |
| | D) | confirmation bias. |
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| 12 | |
Grammar is the system of rules that determines how our thoughts can be expressed. Which of the following is not an element of grammar? |
| | A) | phonology |
| | B) | convergence |
| | C) | syntax |
| | D) | semantics |
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| 13 | |
Some theorists argue that a ________ exists for language development early in life, during which a child is particularly sensitive to language cues and most easily acquires language. |
| | A) | critical period |
| | B) | creative period |
| | C) | relativity period |
| | D) | vowel period |
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| 14 | |
Brett proudly proclaimed to his family, "I eated all my dinner." He is displaying: |
| | A) | telegraphic speech. |
| | B) | overgeneralization. |
| | C) | babbling. |
| | D) | a learning disability |
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| 15 | |
Learning theory has difficulty fully explaining language: |
| | A) | critical periods. |
| | B) | development from babbling. |
| | C) | rules. |
| | D) | semantics. |
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| 16 | |
According to Chomsky, all the world's languages share a common underlying structure called universal grammar; its development requires: |
| | A) | a stage-theory approach. |
| | B) | a learning-theory approach. |
| | C) | a language acquisition device. |
| | D) | formal language classes. |
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| 17 | |
The interactionist approach to language development suggests that: |
| | A) | language development is produced through a combination of genetically determined predispositions and environmental circumstances that help teach language. |
| | B) | language acquisition follows the principles of reinforcement and conditioning. |
| | C) | all of the world's languages share a common underlying structure. |
| | D) | language shapes and may determine the way people perceive and understand the world. |
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| 18 | |
More intelligent people are better able to __________ than less intelligent people, a distinction that is presumably basic to any definition of intelligence. |
| | A) | use the resources of their environment |
| | B) | write well |
| | C) | use a computer |
| | D) | shop for the best deal |
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| 19 | |
____________ is the accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience, and that they can apply in problem-solving situations. |
| | A) | Information processing |
| | B) | Crystallized intelligence |
| | C) | Fluid intelligence |
| | D) | General intelligence |
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| 20 | |
Eric moved to a retreat high in the Rocky Mountains where he could spend the next several years contemplating the fundamental questions of human existence. According to Gardner, Eric might exemplify which type of intelligence? |
| | A) | naturalist |
| | B) | linguistic |
| | C) | spatial |
| | D) | existential |
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| 21 | |
The term g-factor refers to the idea that intelligence: |
| | A) | is made of genetically inherited abilities. |
| | B) | may be grouped into subcategories. |
| | C) | has a single, general factor for mental ability. |
| | D) | was developed by Sir Francis Galton. |
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| 22 | |
According to Sternberg, people who are high in ____________ are able to learn general norms and principles and apply them appropriately. Consequently, tests of this type of intelligence measure the ability to employ broad principles in solving everyday problems. |
| | A) | fluid intelligence |
| | B) | interpersonal intelligence |
| | C) | practical intelligence |
| | D) | general intelligence |
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| 23 | |
The traditional formula for IQ scores is the: |
| | A) | ratio of mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100. |
| | B) | ratio of chronological age divided by mental age, multiplied by 100. |
| | C) | multiplication of chronological age by mental age, divided by 100. |
| | D) | mental age divided by 100 plus the chronological age. |
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| 24 | |
A(n) __________ test is designed to predict a person's ability in a particular area or line of work. |
| | A) | intelligence |
| | B) | aptitude |
| | C) | personality |
| | D) | achievement |
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| 25 | |
Anna was administered an IQ test when she was seven and got a score of 135. When she was nine, she took the same IQ test again and got a score of 136. When she was 14 she took the same IQ test again and got a score of 134. This IQ test was: |
| | A) | computerized. |
| | B) | subjective. |
| | C) | reliable. |
| | D) | valid. |
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| 26 | |
Mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior involving ________ adaptive skills. |
| | A) | conceptual |
| | B) | social |
| | C) | practical |
| | D) | All of these |
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| 27 | |
Frank's development was typically slower than that of his peers. However, he was able to function quite independently by adulthood and was able to hold a job and have a family of his own. Frank is best described as __________ retarded. |
| | A) | moderately |
| | B) | mildly |
| | C) | slightly |
| | D) | nearly |
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| 28 | |
The most common biological cause of retardation is: |
| | A) | Down syndrome. |
| | B) | fetal alcohol syndrome. |
| | C) | birth complications. |
| | D) | a head injury. |
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| 29 | |
The integration of students with retardation or intellectual disabilities into regular classrooms as much as possible is known as: |
| | A) | full inclusion. |
| | B) | special education. |
| | C) | mainstreaming. |
| | D) | None of these |
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| 30 | |
The intellectually gifted have IQ scores greater than: |
| | A) | 115. |
| | B) | 130. |
| | C) | 150. |
| | D) | 180. |
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| 31 | |
Cross-cultural data find that when racial gaps exist in other cultures, it is the _____________________ groups that typically show lower scores. |
| | A) | economically disadvantaged |
| | B) | minority |
| | C) | majority |
| | D) | linguistically different |
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| 32 | |
By far, the greatest discrepancies in IQ scores occur when comparing: |
| | A) | socioeconomic groups. |
| | B) | racial groups. |
| | C) | children. |
| | D) | individuals. |
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