How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, 5/e

Jack R. Fraenkel, San Francisco State University
Norman E. Wallen, San Francisco State University

Instrumentation

Learning Objectives

Studying this chapter should enable you to:

Explain what is meant by the term "data."

Explain what is meant by the term "instrumentation."

Name three ways in which data can be collected by researchers.

Explain what is meant by the term "data-collection instrument."

Describe five types of researcher-completed instruments used in an educational research.

Explain what is meant by the term "unobtrusive measures" and give two examples of such measures.

Name four types of measurement scales and give an example of each.

Name three different types of scores used in educational research and give an example of each.

Describe briefly the difference between norm-referenced and criterion-referenced instruments.

Describe briefly how to score, tabulate, and code data for analysis.

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