Understand the typical flow of genetic information in a cell.

• Define gene, transcription, and translation.
• Describe how the processes of transcription and translation relate.

Understand how DNA and RNA direct transcription and translation.

• State the nucleotides commonly found in DNA and RNA.
• Apply the base-pairing rule to predict the nucleotide structure of RNA.
• Explain the use of mRNA and tRNA in the process of translation.
• Accurately use the codon table to predict the amino acid sequence of a protein.

Learn the importance of controlling gene expression.

• State why single cellular and multicellular organisms control gene expression.
• Explain how promoters, transcription factors, and splicing affect transcription.

Understand how mutations affect protein synthesis.

• Provide examples of silent mutations.
• Provide examples of insertions, deletions, and frameshift mutations.

Understand the relationship between DNA replication and cell division.

• Describe DNA replication using base-pairing rules and DNA polymerase.
• Describe how DNA is organized differently in various types of cells.