| contract manufacturing | An arrangement in which one firm contracts with another to produce products to its specifications but assumes responsibility for marketing
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| cooperative exporters | Established international manufacturers that export other manufacturers' goods as well as their own
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| direct exporting | The exporting of goods and services by the firm that produces them
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| distributors | Independent importers that buy for their own account for resale
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| export trading company (ETC) | A firm established principally to export domestic goods and services and to help unrelated companies export their products
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| franchising | A form of licensing in which one firm contracts with another to operate a certain type of business under an established name according to specific rules
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| indirect exporting | The exporting of goods and services through various types of home-based exporters
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| joint venture | A cooperative effort among two or more organizations that share a common interest in a business enterprise or undertaking
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| licensing | A contractual arrangement in which one firm grants access to its patents, trade secrets, or technology to another for a fee
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| management contract | An arrangement by which one firm provides management in all or specific areas to another firm
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| manufacturers' agents | Independent sales representatives of various noncompeting suppliers
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| sales company | A business established for the purpose of marketing goods and services, not producing them
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| sogo shosha | The largest of the Japanese general trading companies
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| strategic alliances | Partnerships between competitors, customers, or suppliers that may take one or more of various forms, both equity and non equity
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| trading companies | Firms that develop international trade and serve as intermediaries between foreign buyers and domestic sellers and vice versa
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