| active-behavioral strategies | Coping responses in which individuals take some type of action to improve their problem situation.
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| active-cognitive strategies | Coping responses in which individuals actively think about a situation in an effort to adjust more effectively.
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| avoidance coping strategies | Responses to keep stressful circumstances out of awareness.
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| biofeedback | The process by which individuals' muscular or visceral activities are monitored by instruments, then the information from the instruments is given (fed back) to the individuals so they can learn to voluntarily control their physiological activities.
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| cognitive restructuring | Process of replacing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs that maintain an individual's problems.
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| coping | Involves managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress.
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| emotion regulation | The process by which individuals control which emotions they experience, when they experience them, and how they experience and show them.
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| emotion-focused coping | emotion-focused coping Lazarus' term for responding to stress in an emotional manner, especially by using defense mechanisms.
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| emotional intelligence | The ability to perceive and express emotion, understand emotion, and regulate emotion.
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| empowerment | The term used for assisting individuals to develop skills they need to control their own lives.
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| meaning-making coping | Involves drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especially in cases of chronic stress that may resist problem-focused efforts.
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| meditation | A system of mental exercises that help the individual to attain bodily or mental control and well-being, as well as enlightenment.
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| problem-focused coping | Lazarus' term for the strategy of squarely facing one's troubles and trying to solve them.
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| self-talk | Also called self-statements, self-talk refers to the soundless, mental speech people use when they think about something, plan, or solve problems.
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| social support | Information and feedback from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and included in a network of communication and mutual obligation.
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| stress-management programs | They teach individuals how to appraise stressful events, how to develop skills for coping with stress, and how to put these skills into use in one's everyday life.
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| thought stopping | A specific self-control strategy in which the individual says "Stop!" when an unwanted thought occurs and then immediately replaces it with a more pleasant thought.
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| transcendental meditation (TM) | The most popular form of meditation that is practiced in the United States that involves using a mantra, a resonant sound or phrase that is repeated mentally or aloud to focus attention.
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