How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, 5/e

Jack R. Fraenkel, San Francisco State University
Norman E. Wallen, San Francisco State University

Variables and Hypotheses

Learning Objectives

Studying this chapter should enable you to:

Explain what is meant by the term "variable" and name five variables that might be investigated by educational researchers

Explain how a variable differs from a constant

Distinguish between a quantitative and a categorical variable

Explain how independent and dependent variables are related

Explain what a hypothesis is and formulate two hypotheses that might be investigated in education

Name two advantages and two disadvantages of stating research questions are hypotheses

Distinguish between directional and nondirectional hypotheses and give an example of each

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