How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education, 5/e
Jack R. Fraenkel,
San Francisco State University Norman E. Wallen,
San Francisco State University
Variables and Hypotheses
Chapter Outline
The Importance of Studying Relationships
Variables
What is a Variable?
Quantitative versus Categorical Variables
Independent versus Dependent Variables
Extraneous Variables
Hypotheses
What is a Hypothesis?
Advantages of Stating Hypotheses in addition to Research Questions
Disadvantages of Stating Hypotheses
Significant Hypotheses
Directional versus Nondirectional Hypotheses